简介：Althoughvariousgenomeprojectshaveprovidedusenormousstaticsequenceinformation,understandingofthesophisticatedbiologycontinuestorequireintegratingthecomputationalmodeling,systemanalysis,technologydevelopmentforexperiments,andquantitativeexperimentsalltogethertoanalyzethebiologyarchitectureonvariouslevels,whichisjusttheoriginofsystemsbiologysubject.Thisreviewdiscussestheobject,itscharacteristics,andresearchattentionsinsystemsbiology,andsummarizestheanalysismethods,experimentaltechnologies,researchdevelopments,andsooninthefourkeyfieldsofsystemsbiology-systemicstructures,dynamics,controlmethods,anddesignprinciples.

简介：Thevarietyofaquaticnonindigenousanimalsinmarinehabitatsworldwideincludesmorethan16planktonicCopepodaspecies.Acartiatonsaisaverysuccessfulone,distributedinmanyseas.ItsinvasionintoEuropeanseaswasanalyzedbefore(Brylinski,1981),butfromthattimeA.tonsaextendeditsrangeinEuropeanaquatichabitats.TheauthordescribesthehistoryoftheA.tonsainvasionintothePonto-Caspianbasinaswellassomemisleadingearlierpublications.MorphologicdifferencesbetweenA.clausiandA.tonsa,theneglectofwhichledtothewrongidentification,wereexamined.ThedataonA.tonsaandtotalcopepoddynamicsintheSevastopolBayduringtheperiodof1976~1996andthesamedataontheCaspianSeasince1981wereanalyzed.TheaveragesizeofA.tonsainnewhabitatsdecreased,anditsrelativedensityintheBlackandCaspianSeasgraduallyincreased.

简介：Unsteadyaerodynamiccharacteristicsofaseagullwinginlevelflightareinvestigatedusingaboundaryelementmethod.Anewno-penetrationboundaryconditionisimposedonthesurfaceofthewingbyconsideringitsdeformation.Thegeometryandkinematicsoftheseagullwingarereproducedusingthefunctionsanddatainthepreviouslypublishedliterature.Theproposedmethodisvalidatedbycomparingthecomputedresultswiththepublisheddataintheliterature.Theunsteadyaerodynamicscharacteristicsoftheseagullwingareinvestigatedbychangingflappingfrequencyandadvanceratio.Itisfoundthatthepeakvaluesofaerodynamiccoefficientsincreasewiththeflappingfrequency.Thethrustanddraggenerationsarecomplicatedfunctionsoffrequencyandwingstrokemotions.Theliftisinverselyproportionaltotheadvanceratio.Theeffectsofseveralflappingmodesontheliftandinduceddrag(orthrust)generationarealsoinvestigated.Amongthreesinglemodes(flapping,foldingandlead&lag),flappinggeneratesthelargestliftandcanproducethrustalone.Forthreecombinedmodes,bothflapping/foldingandflapping/lead&lagcanproduceliftandthrustlargerthantheflapping-alonemodecan.Foldingisshowntoincreasethrustwhencombinedwithflapping,whereaslead&laghasaneffectofincreasingtheliftwhenalsocombinedwithflapping.Whenthreemodesarecombinedtogether,thebirdcanobtainthelargestliftamongtheinvestigatedmodes.Eventhoughtheproposedmethodislimitedtotheinviscidflowassumption,itisbelievedthatthismethodcanbeusedtothedesignofflappingmicroaerialvehicle.

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简介：Syntheticdryadhesivesinspiredbythenano-andmicro-scalehairsfoundonthefeetofgeckosandsomespidershavebeendevelopedforalmostadecade.Elastomericsinglelevelmicro-scalemushroomshapedfibresarecurrentlyabletofunctionevenbetterthannaturaldryadhesivesonsmoothsurfacesundernormalloading.However,theadhesionofthesesinglelevelsyntheticdryadhesivesonroughsurfacesisstillnotoptimalbecauseofthereducedcontactsurfacearea.Innature,contactareaismaximizedbyhierarchicallystructuringdifferentscalesoffibrescapableofconformingsurfaceroughness.Inthispaper,weadaptthenature’ssolutionaridproposeanoveldual-levelhierarchicaladhesivedesignusingPolydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),whichistestedunderpeelloadingatdifferentorientations.Anegativemacro-scalemoldismanufacturedbyusingalasercuttertodefineholesinaPoly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA)plate.AftercastingPDMSmacro-scalefibresbyusingtheobtainedPMMAmold,apreviouslypreparedmicro-fibreadhesiveisbondedtothemacro-scalefibresubstrate.Oncethebondingpolymeriscured,themicro-fibreadhesiveiscuttoformmacroscalemushroomcaps.Eachmacro-fibreoftheresultinghierarchicaladhesiveisabletoconformtoloadsappliedindifferentdirections.Thedual-levelstructureenhancesthepeelstrengthonsmoothsurfacescomparedtoasingle-leveldryadhesive,butalsoweakenstheshearstrengthoftheadhesiveforagivenareaincontact.Theadhesiveappearstobeveryperformancesensitivetothespecificsizeofthefibretips,andexperimentsindicatethatdesigninghierarchicalstructuresisnotassimpleasplacingmultiplescalesoffibresontopofoneanother,butcanrequiresignificantdesignoptimizationtoenhancethecontactmechanicsandadhesionstrength.

简介：Twouncoupleabledistributions,assigningmissionstorobotsandallocatingrobotstohomestations,accompanytheuseofmobileservicerobotsinhospitals.Inthegivenproblem,twoworkload-relatedobjectivesandfivegroupsofconstraintsareproposed.Abio-mimickedBinaryBeesAlgorithm(BBA)isintroducedtosolvethismultiobjectivemulticonstraintcombinatorialoptimisationproblem,inwhichconstrainthandlingtechnique(MultiobjectiveTransformation,MOT),multiobjectiveevaluationmethod(nondominanceselection),globalsearchstrategy(stochasticsearchinthevariablespace),localsearchstrategy(Hammingneighbourhoodexploitation),andpost-processingmeans(feasibilityselection)arethemainissues.TheBBAisthendemonstratedwithacasestudy,presentingtheexecutionprocessofthealgorithm,andalsoexplainingthechangeofelitenumberinevolutionaryprocess.Itsoptimisationresultprovidesagroupoffeasiblenondominatedtwo-leveldistributionschemes.

简介：在与有一致基因背景的植物的一个玉米领域里的黄麴毒素污染的关系的昆虫损坏的空间、时间的模式很好没被理解。在昆虫损坏和黄麴毒素在的空间模式的以前的考试以后预先收获玉米地，我们进一步与二采样检验了喂圆块、喂核的昆虫损坏，和黄麴毒素水平的空间、时间的模式在在2008和2009预先收获。由每ear/kernel-feeding昆虫的喂的损坏(即，丝绸/圆块上的玉米一种有害幼虫/秋天粟蚕损坏，和玉米核由的褪色坏透臭虫)并且玉米象鼻虫人口用五只耳朵在每个格子点被估计。采样数据在两年里处于昆虫损坏和黄麴毒素污染显示出域边效果。玉米象鼻虫比任何一个玉米一种有害幼虫更经常向聚集的分布趋于或坏透两年里的臭虫损坏。为黄麴毒素水平检测聚集的分发的频率是昆虫损坏评价的不到任何东西。坏透臭虫损坏和玉米象鼻虫数字更仔细比是玉米一种有害幼虫的与黄麴毒素水平被联系损坏。另外，空间时间的协会(χ)的索引证明玉米象鼻虫的数字被联系在之间第一(4个星期预先收获)并且秒(1个星期预先收获)所有地上的两年里的采样。相反，在来自Belflower农场上的地的第一和第二采样之间的玉米一种有害幼虫损坏，和黄麴毒素水平和玉米一种有害幼虫在Lang农场上从这块地损坏在2009被分裂。

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