简介：AbstractThe homeostasis of the gut-brain axis has been shown to exert several effects on physiological and psychological health. The gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells scattered throughout the gastrointestinal tract are important signaling molecules within the gut-brain axis. The interaction between gut microbiota and gut hormones has been greatly appreciated in gut-brain cross-talk. The microbiota plays an essential role in modulating many gut-brain axis-related diseases, ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to psychiatric diseases. Similarly, gut hormones also play pleiotropic and important roles in maintaining health, and are key signals involved in gut-brain axis. More importantly, gut microbiota can affect the release and functions of gut hormones. This review highlights the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis and focuses on how microbiota-related gut hormones modulate various physiological functions. Future studies could target the microbiota-hormones-gut brain axis to develop novel therapeutics for different psychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders, such as obesity, anxiety, and depression.

简介：Ｅｎｄｅｇｕｔ，ａｌｌｅｓｇｕｔ，，ＨａｂｅｎＳｉｅｄｅｎＦｉｌｍ＇ＤｉｅＬｉｅｂｅｕｎｔｅｒｄｅｍＳｕｄｌｉｃｈｅｎＫｒｅｕｚ＇ｇｅｓｅｈｅｎ？ＤｉｅｇａｎｚｅＷｅｌｔｈａｔＴｒｎｅｎｖｅｒｇｏｓｓｅｎ！Ｓｉｅｖｉｅｌｌｅｉｃｈｔａｕｃｈ？Ｗｅｎｎ...

简介：Maleandfemalesexhormonesareessentialforprenatalandpostnatalsexualdevelopment,andformanyaspectsofadultreproductivehealth.However,evidencefromexperimentalanimalstudiesandclinicalepidemiologicaldataindicatesthatprolongedexposuretoendogenoussexsteroidspromotesneoplastictransformationintheglandularepitheliaofsecondarysexualorgans(e.g.breast,uterus,prostate).Sexsteroidsrecruitmitoticallyquiescent(Go)cellstoentertheproliferativecellcycle(G1andSphases)byincreasingtheexpressionofregulator).proteins,evclinsandcyclin-dependentkinases.Sexsteroidsalsorepressgenesthatactivateapoptoticprogvammedcelldeath.Thesemitogenicandantiapoptotieactionscanincreasethelikelihoodofrandomgeneticerrorsandpromotethedevelopmentandprogressionofcancers.Forclinicians,themostimportantaspectofthisrelationshipisthemodestincreasedriskofbreastandprostaticmalignancies,overbackgroundrates,attributabletotheuseofexogenoussexsteroidsforcontraceptionandhonnonereplacementtherapy(HRT).Tiffscontributionfocnsesonthisaspect.

简介：AbstractGut microbiota is symbiotic and interdependent with human body. Intestinal probiotics are colonized in the human gastrointestinal tract, which can improve the host intestinal microenvironment and enhance the intestinal function and immune function of the human body. A small number of opportunistic pathogens exist in the intestinal tract. Once the number of pathogens exceeds the threshold of intestinal tolerance, the intestinal micro-ecological balance can be destroyed, and various diseases may thus develop. Pregnancy is a special status with different physiologic changing stages. In the meanwhile, alterations in the gut microbiome populations occur, which can promote the differentiation, development, and maturation of fetal organs by affecting maternal metabolism. Compared with normal pregnant women, great changes in the gastrointestinal function and gut microbiome may take place in pregnant women with pregnancy-related complications, in which these changes include the number, species, and intestinal translocation. The composition of the maternal gut microbiome could contribute to pregnancy and obstetric outcomes, and long-term health of mother and child. The relationships of pregnancy to gut microbiome have attracted an increasing attention in recent years. This article will provide a summary review of the research studies of gut microbiome in normal pregnant women versus abnormal pregnancy women with complications.

简介：Gutmicrobiotaexertsasignificantroleinthepathogenesisofthemetabolicsyndrome,asconfirmedbystudiesconductedbothonhumansandanimalmodels.Gutmicrobialcompositionandfunctionsarestronglyinfluencedbydiet.Thiscomplexintestinal'superorganism'seemstoaffecthostmetabolicbalancemodulatingenergyabsorption,gutmotility,appetite,glucoseandlipidmetabolism,aswellashepaticfattystorage.Animpairmentofthefinebalancebetweengutmicrobesandhost’simmunesystemcouldculminateintheintestinaltranslocationofbacterialfragmentsandthedevelopmentof'metabolicendotoxemia',leadingtosystemicinflammationandinsulinresistance.Dietinducedweight-lossandbariatricsurgerypromotesignificantchangesofgutmicrobialcomposition,thatseemtoaffectthesuccess,ortheinefficacy,oftreatmentstrategies.Manipulationofgutmicrobiotathroughtheadministrationofprebioticsorprobioticscouldreduceintestinallowgradeinflammationandimprovegutbarrierintegrity,thus,amelioratingmetabolicbalanceandpromotingweightloss.However,furtherevidenceisneededtobetterunderstandtheirclinicalimpactandtherapeuticuse.

简介：AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) describes a set of risk factors that can eventually lead to the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. A detailed understanding of the MetS mechanism will be helpful in developing effective prevention strategies and appropriate intervention tools. In this article, we discuss the relationship between the clinical symptoms of MetS and differences in the gut microbial community compared with healthy individuals, characterized by the proliferation of potentially harmful bacteria and the inhibition of beneficial ones. Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism have been shown to be mediated by a number of factors, including inflammation caused by gut barrier defects, short-chain fatty acids metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. However, although we can clearly establish a causal relationship between gut microbial profiles and MetS in animal experiments, the relationship between them is still controversial in humans. Therefore, we need more clinical studies to augment our understanding of how we can manipulate the gut microbiota and address the role of the gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of MetS.

简介：Background:Thephysiologicalandbiochemicaldemandsofintenseexerciseelicitbothmuscle-basedandsystemicresponses.Themainadaptationstoenduranceexerciseincludethecorrectionofelectrolyteimbalance,adecreaseinglycogenstorageandtheincreaseofoxidativestress,intestinalpermeability,muscledamage,andsystemicinflammatoryresponse.Adaptationstoexercisemightbeinfluencedbythegutmicrobiota,whichplaysanimportantroleintheproduction,storage,andexpenditureofenergyobtainedfromthedietaswellasininflammation,redoxreactions,andhydrationstatus.Methods:Asystematicandcomprehensivesearchofelectronicdatabases,includingMEDLINE,Scopus,ClinicalTrials.gov,ScienceDirect,SpringerLink,andEMBASEwasdone.Thesearchprocesswascompletedusingthekeywords:'endurance','exercise','immuneresponse','microbiota','nutrition',and'probiotics'.Results:Reviewedliteraturesupportsthehypothesisthatintestinalmicrobiotamightbeabletoprovideameasureable,effectivemarkerofanathlete'simmunefunctionandthatmicrobialcompositionanalysismightalsobesensitiveenoughtodetectexercise-inducedstressandmetabolicdisorders.Thereviewalsosupportsthehypothesisthatmodifyingthemicrobiotathroughtheuseofprobioticscouldbeanimportanttherapeutictooltoimproveathletes'overallgeneralhealth,performance,andenergyavailabilitywhilecontrollinginflammationandredoxlevels.Conclusion:Thepresentreviewprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofhowgutmicrobiotamayhaveakeyroleincontrollingtheoxidativestressandinflammatoryresponsesaswellasimprovingmetabolismandenergyexpenditureduringintenseexercise.

简介：AbstractBackground:Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychological disorder, which is characterized by the misunderstanding of body image, food restriction, and low body weight. An increasing number of studies have reported that the pathophysiological mechanism of AN might be associated with the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The purpose of our study was to explore the features of gut microbiota in patients with AN, hoping to provide valuable information on its pathogenesis and treatment.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, from August 2020 to June 2021, patients with AN who were admitted into Peking University Third Hospital and Peking University Sixth Hospital (n = 30) were recruited as the AN group, and healthy controls (HC) were recruited from a middle school and a university in Beijing (n = 30). Demographic data, Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores of the two groups, and length of stay of the AN group were recorded. Microbial diversity analysis of gut microbiota in stool samples from the two groups was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing.Results:The weight (AN vs. HC, [39.31 ± 7.90] kg vs. [56.47 ± 8.88] kg, P < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI, AN vs. HC, [14.92 ± 2.54] kg/m2vs. [20.89 ± 2.14] kg/m2, P < 0.001) of patients with AN were statistically significantly lower than those of HC, and HAMD scores in AN group were statistically significantly higher than those of HC. For alpha diversity, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups; for beta diversity, the two groups differed obviously regarding community composition. Compared to HC, the proportion of Lachnospiraceae in patients with AN was statistically significantly higher (AN vs. HC, 40.50% vs. 31.21%, Z = –1.981, P = 0.048), while that of Ruminococcaceae was lower (AN vs. HC, 12.17% vs. 19.15%, Z = –2.728, P = 0.007); the proportion of Faecalibacterium (AN vs. HC, 3.97% vs. 9.40%, Z = –3.638, P < 0.001) and Subdoligranulum (AN vs. HC, 4.60% vs. 7.02%, Z = –2.369, P = 0.018) were statistically significantly lower, while that of Eubacterium_hallii_group was significantly higher (AN vs. HC, 7.63% vs. 3.43%, Z = –2.115, P = 0.035). Linear discriminant effect (LEfSe) analysis (LDA score >3.5) showed that o_Lachnospirales, f_Lachnospiraceae, and g_Eubacterium_hallii_group (o, f and g represents order, family and genus respectively) were enriched in patients with AN. Microbial function of nutrient transport and metabolism in AN group were more abundant (P > 0.05). In AN group, weight and BMI were significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Bacteroidota and Bacteroides, while positively correlated with Subdoligranulum. BMI was significantly positively correlated with Firmicutes; HAMD scores were significantly negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium.Conclusions:The composition of gut microbiota in patients with AN was different from that of healthy people. Clinical indicators have correlations with the abundance of gut microbiota in patients with AN.

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简介：AbstractGenomoviridae is a virus family belonging to circular replication associated protein encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses, which have diverse genomic architecture and are widely distributed among different ecosystems. In this study, we characterized 39 novel genomovirus genomes including 3 from wild egrets, 9 from wild cranes, as well as 27 from wild finches in three different types of cloacal swabs of wild bird sampled in the station of Xinqing bird ringing, Maoershan Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, and Hangzhou Wetland Park in Zhejiang Province, China. Here, using a Rep sequence phylogeny-based analysis, we divided the 39 genomoviruses into 8 genera within the family Genomoviridae, including Gemycircularvirus (n =20), Gemykibivirus (n =3), Gemygorvirus (n =2), Gemyvongvirus (n =2), Gemykolovirus (n =3), Gemykrogvirus (n =6), Gemytondvirus (n=1), Gemyduguivirus (n=1) and one unclassified genomovirus. The 39 genomovirus genomes belong to 36 species (27 of which are new) based on the currently accepted genomovirus pairwise nucleotide sequence identity species demarcation threshold of 78%. Overall, the research enriches our knowledge of CRESS-DNA viral diversity in China and emphasizes the prevalence of genomoviruses in nature.

简介：Thehumangutmicrobiotaiscomposedofmorethan100trillionmicrobes.MostcommunitiesaredominatedbyspeciesbelongingtothephylaBacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Proteobacteria,andVerrucomicrobia.Microflora-derivedshort-chainfattyacidsplayapivotalroleintheframeworkofinsulinresistance,obesity,andmetabolicsyndrome.Theyareanimportantenergysourceandareinvolvedinseveralpathways,withproatherogenicandantiatherogeniceffects.Theincreasedgutmicrobiotalipopolysaccharidelevels(definedas“metabolicendotoxemia”)induceastateoflow-gradeinflammationandareinvolvedinatheroscleroticdiseasethroughToll-likereceptor4.Anotherimportantinflammatorytriggeringutmicrobiota–mediatedatheroscleroticpromotionistrimethylamineN-oxide.Ontheotherhand,protocatechuicacidwasfoundtopromotecholesteroleffluxfrommacrophages,showinganantiatherogeniceffect.Furtherstudiestoclarifyspecificgutcompositioninvolvedincardiometabolicsyndromeandatherogenesisareneededforgreateruseoftargetedapproaches.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious complication that affects maternal and perinatal outcomes. However, the mechanisms have not been fully explained. This study was designed to analyze longitudinal gut microbiota alterations in pregnant women with and without PE in the second (T2) and third trimesters (T3).Methods:In this nested case-control study, which was conducted at Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, fecal samples from 25 PE patients (25 fecal samples obtained in T2 and 15 fecal samples obtained in T3) and 25 matched healthy controls (25 fecal samples obtained in T2 and 22 fecal samples obtained in T3) were collected, and the microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The diversity and composition of the microbiota of PE cases and controls were compared.Results:No significant differences in diversity were found between the PE and control groups (P > 0.05). In the control group, from T2 to T3, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria (median [Q1, Q3]: 2.25% [1.24%, 3.30%] vs. 0.64% [0.20%, 1.20%], Z = -3.880, P < 0.05), and Tenericutes (median [Q1, Q3]: 0.12% [0.03%, 3.10%] vs. 0.03% [0.02%, 0.17%], Z= -2.369, P < 0.05) decreased significantly. In the PE group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in T2 was lower than in T3 (median [Q1, Q3]: 18.16% [12.99%, 30.46%] vs. 31.09% [19.89%, 46.06%], Z= -2.417, P < 0.05). In T2, the relative abundances of mircrobiota showed no significant differences between the PE group and the control group. However, in T3, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly lower in the PE group than in the control group (mean ± standard deviation: 60.62% ± 15.17% vs. 75.57% ± 11.53%, t= -3.405, P < 0.05). The relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly higher in the PE group than in the control group (median [Q1, Q3]: 31.09% [19.89%, 46.06%] vs. 18.24% [12.90%, 32.04%], Z=-2.537, P < 0.05; 1.52% [1.05%, 2.61%] vs. 0.64% [0.20%, 1.20%], Z=-3.310, P < 0.05; 0.75% [0.20%, 1.00%] vs. 0.01% [0.004%, 0.023%], Z = -4.152, P < 0.05). Linear discriminant analysis combined effect size measurements analysis showed that the relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes, class Bacteroidia and order Bacteroidales were increased in the PE group, while those of the phylum Firmicutes, the class Clostridia, the order Clostridiales, and the genus unidentified Lachnospiraceae were decreased in the PE group; and these differences were identified as taxonomic biomarkers of PE in T3.Conclusion:From T2 to T3, there was an obvious alteration in the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota of PE patients in T3 was significantly different from that of the control group.

简介：AIM:ToanalyzetheassociationbetweenHelicobacterspp.andsomecommongutbacteriainpatientswithcholecystitis.METHODS:Anested-polymerasechainreaction(PCR),specificto16SrRNAofHelicobacterspp.wasperformedonparaffin-embeddedgallbladdersamplesof100cholecystitisand102controlcases.ThesampleswerealsoanalyzedforsomecommongutbacteriabyPCR.Positivesamplesweresequencedforspeciesidentification.RESULTS:HelicobacterDNAwasfoundinsevenoutof100casesofacuteandchroniccholecystitis.SequenceanalysisdisplayedHelicobacterpullorum(H.pullorum)insixcasesandHelicobacterpyloriinone;H.pullorumwasonlyfoundincaseswithmetaplasia.Controlsam-pleswerenegativeforHelicobacterspp.andsomecommongutbacteria.Therewasasignificantdifference(P=0.007)betweencholecystitisandcontrolsamplesforHelicobacterDNA.CONCLUSION:ApossiblerelationshipwasdetectedbetweenHelicobacterDNAandcholecystitis.Furtherserologicalandimmunohistochemicalstudiesareneededtosupportthesedata.

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简介：AbstractObesity has become a global health problem. Lifestyle modification and medical treatment only appear to yield short-term weight loss. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most popular bariatric procedure, and it sustains weight reduction and results in the remission of obesity-associated comorbidities for obese individuals. However, patients who undergo this surgery may develop hypoglycemia. To date, the diagnosis is challenging and the prevalence of post-RYGB hypoglycemia (PRH) is unclear. RYGB alters the anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract and has a combined effect of caloric intake restriction and nutrient malabsorption. Nevertheless, the physiologic changes after RYGB are complex. Although hyperinsulinemia, incretin effects, dysfunction of β-cells and α-cells, and some other factors have been widely investigated and are reported to be possible mediators of PRH, the pathogenesis is still not completely understood. In light of the important role of the gut microbiome in metabolism, we hypothesized that the gut microbiome might also be a critical link between RYGB and hypoglycemia. In this review, we mainly highlight the current possible factors predisposing individuals to PRH, particularly related to the gut microbiota, which may yield significant insights into the intestinal regulation of glucose metabolic homeostasis and provide novel clues to improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

简介：Gutmicrobiotaareinvolvedinthedevelopmentorpreventionofvariousdiseasessuchastype2diabetes,fattyliver,andmalignancysuchascolorectalcancer,breastcancerandhepatocellularcarcinoma.Alzheimer’sdisease,osteoporosis,sarcopenia,atheroscleroticstrokeandcardiovasculardiseasearemajordiseasesassociatedwithdecreasedactivitiesofdailyliving(ADL),especiallyinelderlypeople.Recentanalyseshaverevealedtheimportanceofgutmicrobiotainthecontrolofthesediseases.Thecompositionordiversityofthesemicrobiotaisdifferentbetweenpatientswiththeseconditionsandhealthycontrols,andadministrationofprobioticsorprebioticshasbeenshowneffectiveinthetreatmentofthesediseases.Gutmicrobiotamayaffectdistantorgansthroughmechanismsthatincluderegulatingtheabsorptionofnutrientsand/ortheproductionofmicrobialmetabolites,regulatingandinteractingwiththesystemicimmunesystem,andtranslocatingbacteria/bacterialproductsthroughdisruptedmucosalbarriers.Thus,thegutmicrobiotamaybeimportantregulatorsinthedevelopmentofdiseasesthataffectADL.Althoughadequateexerciseandproperdietareimportantforpreventingthesediseases,theircombinationwithinterventionsthatmanipulatethecompositionand/ordiversityofgutmicrobiotacouldbeapromisingstrategyformaintaininghealthconditionandpreservingADL.ThisreviewthussummarizescurrentunderstandingoftheroleofgutmicrobiotainthedevelopmentorpreventionofdiseasescloselyassociatedwiththemaintenanceofADL.

简介：良性的prostatic增生(BPH)是最普通的医药条件在之一中年并且老人。这研究在中国的变老的男人口调查了在性别荷尔蒙的浆液层次和BPH的措施之间的关系。前列腺症状作为为人≥屏蔽节目的免费健康的部分被估计；40岁。考试包括了数字直肠的检查，前列腺特定的抗原铺平的浆液的决心，国际前列腺症状分数(IPSS)和transrectalultrasonography。全部的睾丸激素(TT)的浆液层次，性别荷尔蒙绑定血球素(SHBG)，免费睾丸激素(英尺)，luteinizing荷尔蒙(LH)，刺激滤泡的荷尔蒙(FSH)，催乳激素(PRL)和estradiol(E2)被评估。这些人也完成了一张健康和人口分布问询表并且收到了详细物理考试。最后的学习人口与58.9年的吝啬的年龄由949个人组成了。皮尔森关联分析显示除了TT，在所有性别荷尔蒙的年龄和层次之间，并且在年龄和前列腺体积之间有重要关联(PV；r=0.243；P<；0.01)或IPSS(r=0.263；P<；0.01)。另外的重要关联在IPSS和LH的浆液层次之间被发现(r=0.112；P<；0.01)并且FSH(r=0.074；P<；0.05)，但是在性别荷尔蒙层次和PV之间没有重要关联。Multivariate线性回归分析与PV显示出在年龄和身体团索引(BMI)之间的重要关联(P<；0.0001)。另外，与IPSS在年龄和PV之间有重要关联(P<；0.0001)。浆液性别荷尔蒙层次没与PV或IPSS相关。在使人变老的BPH的措施上的内分泌的变化的效果要求进一步的调查在纵并且与BPH的所有严厉包括病人的multicenter研究。

简介：TheposteriorgutoftheDrosophilaembryo,consistingofhindgutandMalpighiantubules,providesasimple,well-definedsystemwhereitispossibletouseageneticapproachtodefinecomponentsessentialforepithelialmorphogenesis.WereviewheretheadvantagesofDrosophilaasamodelgeneticorganism,themorphogenesisoftheepithelialstructuresoftheposteriorgut,andwhatisknownaboutthegeneticrequirementstoformthesestructures.Inoverview,primordiaarepatternedbyexpressionofhierarchiesoftranscriptionfactors;thisleadstolocalizedexpressionofcellsignalingmolecules,andfinally,totheleastunderstoodstep:modulationofcelladhesionandcellshape.Wedescribeapproachestoidentifyadditionalgenesthatarerequiredformorphogenesisofthesesimpleepithelia,particularlythosethatmightplayastructuralrolebyaffectingcelladhesionandcellshape.