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简介：Multiplesclerosis(MS)isachronicimmune-mediatedinnammatory-demyelinatingdisorderofthecentralnervoussystem,withastrongneurodegenerativecomponent.ThequestionwhetherneurodegenerationinMSisindependentorrelatedtoneuroinflammationhasbeenlongdebated,butnotyetfullyclarified.Furthermore,littleisstillknownonhowneuroinflammationandneurodegenerationinMSarerelatedtopotentialregenerativeprocesses.Inthisperspective,webrieflydiscussmainclinical,pathologicalandexperimentalevidenceontherelationshipbetweenneuroinflammationandneurodegenerationinMS,andontheirconnectionwithregeneration.WediscussthattheseprocessesinMSmightrepresentintercorrelatedmanifestationsoftheimmuneresponse,especiallyoftheinnateimmunity.

简介：Weobservedthecharacteristicsofwhitematterfibersandgraymatterinmultiplesclerosispatients,toidentifychangesindiffusiontensorimagingfractionalanisotropyvaluesfollowingwhitematterfiberinjury.Weanalyzedthecorrelationbetweenfractionalanisotropyvaluesandchangesinwhole-braingraymattervolume.Theparticipantsincluded20patientswithrelapsing-remittingmultiplesclerosisand20healthyvolunteersascontrols.Allsubjectsunderwentheadmagneticresonanceimaginganddiffusiontensorimaging.Ourresultsrevealedthatfractionalanisotropyvaluesdecreasedandgraymattervolumeswerereducedinthegenuandspleniumofcorpuscallosum,leftanteriorthalamicradiation,hippocampus,uncinatefasciculus,rightcorticospinaltract,bilateralcingulategyri,andinferiorlongitudinalfasciculusinmultiplesclerosispatients.Graymattervolumesweresignificantlydifferentbetweenthetwogroupsintherightfrontallobe(superiorfrontal,middlefrontal,precentral,andorbitalgyri),rightparietallobe(postcentralandinferiorparietalgyri),righttemporallobe(caudatenucleus),rightoccipitallobe(middleoccipitalgyrus),rightinsula,rightparahippocampalgyrus,andleftcingulategyrus.Thevoxelsizesofatrophicgraymatterpositivelycorrelatedwithfractionalanisotropyvaluesinwhitematterassociationfibersinthepatientgroup.Thesefindingssuggestthatwhitematterfiberbundlesareextensivelyinjuredinmultiplesclerosispatients.Themainareasofgraymatteratrophyinmultiplesclerosisarethefrontallobe,parietallobe,caudatenucleus,parahippocampalgyrus,andcingulategyrus.Graymatteratrophyisstronglyassociatedwithwhitematterinjuryinmultiplesclerosispatients,particularlywithinjurytoassociationfibers.

简介：摘要Background and aimIn Multiple Sclerosis (MS) spasticity worsen patient′s quality of life. Botulinum NeuroToxin TypeA (BoNT-A) is extensively used in focal spasticity, frequently combined with physical therapies. Radial extracorporeal shock waves (rESW) were already used in association with BoNT-A. Considering that loss of efficacy and adverse events are determinants of BoNT-A treatment interruption, this study aimed to evaluate the possibility to prolong BoNT-A′s effect by using rESW in MS focal spasticity.MethodsSixteen MS patients with spasticity of triceps surae muscles were first subjected to BoNT-A therapy and, four months later, to 4 sections of rESWT. Patients were evaluated before, 30, 90 days after the end of the treatments, by using Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) and kinematic analysis of passive and active ankle ROM.ResultsBoNT-A determined a significant reduction of spasticity evaluated by MAS with a reduction of positive effects after 4months (P<0.05); MTS highlighted the efficacy only 90 days after injection (P<0.05). rESWT decreased MAS values at the end and 30 days later the treatment (P<0.01); MTS values showed instead a prolonged effect (P<0.01). BoNT-A determined a gain of passive and active ankle ROM, persisting along with treatment and peaking the maximum value after rESWT (P<0.05).ConclusionsrESWT can prolong BoNT-A effect inducing significant reduction of spasticity and improvement in passive and active ankle ROM in MS patients. The use of rESWT following BoNT-A injection is useful to avoid some limitations and to prolong the therapeutic effects of BoNT-A therapy.

简介：维生素D受体(VDR)多型性作为潜在的贡献者被学习了到多重硬化(MS)。然而，出版了研究关于学习设计和检测的效果的意义不同。这研究的目的是确定与在用元分析的MS的VDR多型性接近的TaqI，BsmI，ApaI和FokI联系的风险的大小。为系统的评论和元分析指南跟随比较喜欢的报导项目，我们进行了文学的系统的搜索和元分析。亚群分析被执行从选择学习特征检测异质的潜在的来源。概括风险的稳定性用敏感分析被评估。元分析从13盒子控制研究包括了3300个案例和3194控制的一个总数。没有重要协会，在TaqI和BsmI多型性和MS风险之间发现。在ApaI多型性和MS风险之间的协会是重要的在同型结合并且codominant模型(P=；0.013并且P=；0.031，分别地)，建议AAApaI遗传型可能是一个重要MS风险因素。出版年和年龄显著地影响了在TaqI多型性和MS之间的协会(P=；0.014并且P=；0.010，分别地)，它显示主要T等位基因的保护的效果。AAApaI和FFFokI遗传型是为MS的重要风险因素。在TaqI多型性和MS风险之间的协会被学习特征显著地影响。

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简介：AbstractSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by immune dysfunction, vasculopathy, chronic fibrosis of skin and internal organs with complex etiology. With the rapid development and the application in biomedicine of epigenetics, accumulating evidence has shown that epigenetics plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SSc. Environmental factors via epigenetics are needed to trigger and maintain for the disease in the subjects with genetic predisposition to SSc. The role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of SSc includes hypermethylation of the promoter region of nitric oxide synthase and bone morphogenetic protein receptors II, up-regulation of histone deacetylases 4 and 5 expression, and down-regulation of miR-193b and miR-152 in endothelial cells inducing vascular dysfunction; DNA hypermethylation and hypoacetylation of histone H3 and H4 in Friend leukemia virus integration 1 and Kruppel-like factor 5 genes, and the abnormal expression of miR-29, miR-129-5p and miR-135b in fibroblasts causing excessive fibrosis; DNA hypomethylation in the promoter regions of CD11a and CD70 genes in CD4+T cells resulting in immune dysfunction. Studies on the role of epigenetics in SSc are of great significance for better understanding the pathogenic machanism of SSc, which is helpful to find new molecular targets for treating SSc, and consequently, improve the prognosis of SSc.

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简介：Inthispaper,anovelmultipletrelliscodedorthogonaltransmitschemeisproposedtoexploittransmitdiversityinfadingchannels.Inthisscheme,auniquevectorfromasetoforthogonalvectorsisassignedtoeachtransmitantenna.Eachoftheoutputsymbolsfromthemultipletrellisencoderismultipliedwithoneoftheseorthogonalvectorsandtransmittedfromcorrespondingtransmitantennas.Bycorrelatingwithcorrespondingorthogonalvectors,thereceiverseparatessymbolstransmittedfromdifferenttransmitantennas.Thisschemecanbeadoptedincoherent/differentialsystemswithanynumberoftransmitantennas.Itisshownthattheproposedschemeencompassestheconventionaltrelliscodedunitaryspace-timemodulationbasedontheoptimalcyclicgroupcodesasaspecialcase.Wealsoproposetwobetterdesignsovertheconventionaltrelliscodedunitaryspace-timemodulation.Thefirstdesignuses8PhaseShiftKeying(8-PSK)constellationsinsteadof16PhaseShiftKeying(16-PSK)constellationsintheconventionaltrelliscodedunitaryspace-timemodulation.Asaresult,theproductdistanceofthisnewdesignismuchlargerthanthatoftheconventionaltrelliscodedunitaryspace-timemodulation.Theseconddesignintroducesconstellationswithmultiplelevelsofamplitudesintothedesignofthemultipletrelliscodedorthogonaltransmitscheme.Forbothdesigns,simulationsshowthatmultipletrelliscodedorthogonaltransmitschemescanachievebetterperformancethantheconventionaltrelliscodedunitaryspace-timeschemes.

简介：AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare disease that involves multiple organs, including the brain; approximately 80%-90% of TSC patients exhibit TSC-associated epilepsy. Independent temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), TSC-unrelated epilepsy, is particularly rare in patients with TSC. Here, we describe three patients with TSC with independent TLEs that were confirmed by stereo-electroencephalography (EEG), postoperative pathological findings, and seizure outcome at follow-up. The patients were retrospectively enrolled at two centers; their ictal epileptiform discharge onsets were determined using electrode contacts in the hippocampus during stereo-EEG. The three patients underwent anterior temporal lobectomies and remained seizure-free at 1-5 years after surgery. Postoperative pathological examinations confirmed hippocampal sclerosis in all three patients. Furthermore, postoperative intelligence quotient improvement was evident in one patient, while the quality of life was improved in two patients at 12 months after surgery.

简介：AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant genetic disorder characterized by the development of hamartomas in the brain, heart, skin, kidney, lung, retina, and so on. One fetus from family 1 had a cardiac rhabdomyoma from 21 weeks and 6 days of gestational age, and developed multiple rhabdomyomas and tubers in the brain at 23 weeks and 5 days. The counter monozygotic twin fetus remained negative throughout the pregnancy according to imaging examination. A nonsense mutation in TSC2 (c.4762C>T, p.Gln1588*) was identified in both twins, but not in the mother. Family 2 was one pair of twin fetuses caused by a microdeletion of exon 30 within TSC2 inherited from their apparently asymptomatic mother with mosaic status. The larger fetus was identified as having the first cardiac rhabdomyoma from 17 weeks and 4 days of gestational age. The smaller fetus developed multiple rhabdomyomas until 25 weeks and 6 days of gestational age. Both families terminated the pregnancy. Here, we provide intrauterine examples of clinical variability among monozygotic twins suffering from TSC.

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简介：一台哑的收音机和与普通接收装置同时交流的多重认知收音机被考虑的一种情形。在这份报纸，我们在两添加剂白人Gaussian噪音(AWGN)下面导出多重用户的认知多重存取的隧道(MUCMAC)的一个可完成的率区域隧道和rayleigh褪色隧道，由使用多重用户的联合弄脏编码的纸(DPC)和编码的重叠。通过认知，这被假定第二等的用户(怀疑)能获得主要用户(PU)的消息非有原因地预先准备。用这个方面信息，SUs能执行多重用户DPC从苏避免干扰。而且，SUs能也分配他们的transmit力量的部分帮助PU，用编码的重叠。因此，传统的多重存取的隧道(MAC)的能力区域能被扩大。而且，一些asymptotic结果作为数字被显示出怀疑增加。在AWGN盒子中，PU的最大的可完成的率随数字的增加对数地成长，这被说明，在瑞利盒子中怀疑，我们证明认知获得将与隧道信号减少到噪音比率(SNR)增加。

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简介：AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multisystem, autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome in which epilepsy is the most common of several neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Around two thirds of patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy for whom surgical resection of epileptogenic foci is indicated when seizures remain inadequately controlled following trial of two antiseizure medications. The challenge with presurgical and surgical approaches with patients with TSC is overcoming the complexity from the number of tubers and the multiplex epileptogenic network forming the epileptogenic zone. Data suggest that seizure freedom is achieved by 55%-60% of patients, but predictive factors for success have remained elusive, which makes for unconfident selection of surgical candidates. This article presents three different cases as illustrations of the potential challenges faced when assessing the suitability of TSC patients for epilepsy surgery.

简介：ATjust18yearsold,YangJingistheonlySichuanoperaactressskilledintheancientartoffacetransformation.Yanglightsupasshetalksaboutit:'Twoyearsago,IhappenedtoseeaprogramonTVaboutface-transformation.Itwasfascinatingtoseehow,withaflickofhissleevesandaturnofhishead,theactorchangedhisfaceintotenstylesofstagemake-up.'Yangwassodrawntothisartthatshedecidedtolearnitforherself.

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简介：Asetofcoupledwaveequationsofacoustoopticdiffractionwithmultipleacousticwavesalongdifferentdirectionsisputforwardandits,solutionsarederived.Thecharacteristicsofthediffractionefficiency,com-pression,crossmodulation,andintermodulationintensitiesareanalyzedtheoretically.Thetheoreticalresultsaresupportedbyexperimentalmeasurementsthroughournewmultipledirectionalacoustoopticdevices.