简介：Abriefaccountisprovidedoncrack-tipsolutionsthathaverecentlybeenpublishedintheliteraturebyemployingtheso-calledGRADELAmodelanditsvariants.TheGRADELAmodelisasimplegradientelasticitytheoryinvolvingoneinternallengthinadditiontothetwoLame'constants,inanefforttoeliminateelasticsingularitiesanddiscontinuitiesandtointerpretelasticsizeeffects.Thenon-singularstrainsandnon-singular(butsometimessingularorevenhypersingular)stressesderivedthiswayunderdifferentboundaryconditionsdifferfromeachotherandtheirphysicalmeaninginnotclear.Thisisdiscussedwhichfocusontheformandphysicalmeaningofnon-singularsolutionsforcrack-tipstressesandstrainsthatarepossibletoobtainwithintheGRADELAmodelanditsextensions.

简介：Fatiguecrackingtestsofasolderjointwerecarriedoutusingin-situscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)technologyundertensileandbendingcyclicloadings.Themethodforpredictingthefatiguelifeisprovidedbasedonthefatiguecrackgrowthrateofthesolderjoint.Theresultsshowthattheeffectoftheloadingtypeonthefatiguecrackgrowthbehaviorofasolderjointcannotbeignored.Inaddition,thefiniteelementanalysisresultshelpquantitativelyestimatetheresponserelationshipbetweensolderjointstructures.Thefatiguecrackinitiationlifeofasolderjointisingoodagreementwiththefatiguelife(N50%)ofatotallyelectronicboardwith36solderjoints.

简介：Basedonthesphericalcavityexpansiontheoryintheelastichalfspace,thegroundsurfacemovementcharacteristicsofshallowlyburiedexplosionsareanalyzed.TheresultsshowthattheinducedseismicwaveisalongitudinalwaveinthenearzoneandaRayleighwaveinthefarzone.Themaximumdisplacement(velocity)ofthelongitudinalwaveandtheRayleighwaveareinverselyproportionaltothescaleddistance,andcanbedescribedbyexponentialfunctionwithexponentsequalto1.4and0.5,respectively.Thevibrationfrequenciesofthewaveshavealmostnochange.Thevibrationfrequencyofthelongitudinalwaveapproximatesthenaturalvibrationfrequencyofthecavityinthebrokenarea,andthevibrationfrequencyoftheRayleighwaveisabouthalfthatofthelongitudinalwave.Onthesamereducedburieddepthandreduceddistance,theparticledisplacementisdirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheboundaryloadingandcavityradius,andisinverselyproportionaltothetransversalwavevelocity.Meanwhile,theparticlevelocityisdirectlyproportionaltotheboundaryloadingandinverselyproportionaltothewavevelocityratio.Inthefarzone,theburieddepthoftheexplosiveonlyhasaslighteffectonthelongitudinalwave,buthasalargereffectontheRayleighwave.

简介：Investigationsontheinterconnectionbetweenthepolarizationrotationandcrackpropagationareperformedfor[110]-oriented74Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-26PbTiO3relaxorferroelectricsinglecrystalunderelectricloadingsalong[001]direction.ThecrystalisofpredominantlymonoclinicMAphasewithscatterdistributedrhombohedral(R)phaseunderamoderatepolingfieldof900V/mmin[001]direction.Withmagnitudeof800V/mm,athroughthicknesscrackisinitiatedneartheelectrodebyelectriccycling.Staticelectricloadingsisthenimposedtothesinglecrystal.Astheappliedstaticelectricfieldincreases,domainswitchinginthemonoclinicMAphaseandphasetransitionfromMAtoRphaseoccurnearthecrack.Theresultsindicatethatthecrackfeaturesaconductingone.Whetherdomainswitchingorphasetransitionoccursdependsontheintensityoftheelectricfieldcomponentthatisperpendiculartotheappliedelectricfield.

简介：与他们在文化经历无限的自强并且在身体区分进所有房间类型的能力，人的胚胎的干细胞(hESCs)为治疗保持大潜力当前不治之症。为针的绳索损害和有斑点的退化的二基于hESC的房间治疗被推进了进人的临床的试用。尽管有这快速的进步，基于hESC的房间治疗的一关键挑战是由接受者的导出hESC的房间的allogeneic免疫者拒绝。这个问题能被病人特定的体的房间的原子reprogramming被最近的突破与定义因素在导致的pluripotent干细胞(iPSCs)的技术减轻它能为房间治疗成为自体同源的房间的可更新的来源。然而，揭示反常epigenetics，genomic稳定性和iPSCs的immunogenicity的最近的研究在基于iPSC的治疗上提起了安全担心。与iPSC衍生物的immunogenicity有关的最近的调查结果将在这评论被总结。

简介：这篇论文在小粒的材料的行为上论述micromechanical研究在下面限制砍使用一个三维的分离元素方法(DEM)。我们在DEM代码在球形的粒子之中把旋转抵抗看作说明粒子形状的效果的一个近似方法。在undrained下面砍，它被发现抵抗旋转可以帮助增加一个小粒的系统的shear力量并且提高它的抵抗到液化。在有不同起始的条件的小粒的系统的内部结构和anisotropy的进化描绘区分二张接触子网的一个清楚的bimodal字符。面对旋转抵抗，好关联在一种分析stress-force-fabric关系和DEM结果，正常力量anisotropy在起一个主导的作用之间被发现。在与小粒的anisotropy的关系的批评状态和液化状态的唯一的性质也被探索并且讨论。

简介：Thereisgrowingevidencesuggeststhatnoise-inducedcochleardamagemayleadtohyperexcitabilityinthecentralauditorysystem(CAS)whichmaygiverisetotinnitus.However,thecorrelationbetweentheonsetoftheneurophysiologicalchangesintheCASandtheonsetoftinnitushasnotbeenwellstudied.Toinvestigatethisrelationship,chronicelectrodeswereimplantedintotheauditorycortex(AC)andsoundevokedactivitiesweremeasuredfromawakeratsbeforeandafternoiseexposure.Theauditorybrainstemresponse(ABR)wasusedtoassessthedegreeofnoise-inducedhearingloss.Tinnituswasevaluatedbymeasuringgap-inducedprepulseinhibition(gap-PPI).Ratswereexposedmonaurallytoahigh-intensitynarrowbandnoisecenteredat12kHzatalevelof120dBSPLfor1h.Afterthenoiseexposure,alltheratsdevelopedeitherpermanent(>2weeks)ortemporary(<3days)hearinglossintheexposedear(s).TheACamplitudesincreasedsignificantly4hafterthenoiseexposure.Mostoftheexposedratsalsoshoweddecreasedgap-PPI.Thepost-exposureACenhancementshowedapositivecorrelationwiththeamountofhearingloss.Theonsetoftinnitus-likebehaviorwashappenedaftertheonsetofACenhancement.

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简介：Foracompression-shearmixedmodeinterfacecrack,itisdifficulttosolvethestressandstrainfieldsconsideringthematerialviscosity,thecrack-tipsingularity,thefrictionaleffect,andthemixedloadinglevel.Inthispaper,amechanicalmodelofthedynamicpropagationinterfacecrackforthecompression-shearmixedmodeisproposedusinganelastic-viscoplasticconstitutivemodel.Thegoverningequationsofpropagationcrackinterfaceatthecrack-tiparegiven.Thenumericalanalysisisperformedfortheinterfacecrackofthecompression-shearmixedmodebyintroducingadisplacementfunctionandsomeboundaryconditions.Thedistributedregularitiesofstressfieldoftheinterfacecrack-tiparediscussedwithseveralspecialparameters.Thefinalresultsshowthattheviscosityeffectandthefrictionalcontacteffectonthecracksurfaceandthemixed-loadparameterareimportantfactorsinstudyingthemixedmodeinterfacecracktipfields.Thesefieldsarecontrolledbytheviscositycoefficient,theMachnumber,andthesingularityexponent.

简介：Inthispaperweconsiderlaserintensitiesgreaterthan1016Wcm-2wheretheablationpressureisnegligibleincomparisonwiththeradiationpressure.Theradiationpressureiscausedbytheponderomotiveforceactingmainlyontheelectronsthatareseparatedfromtheionstocreateadoublelayer(DL).ThisDLisacceleratedintothetarget,likeapistonthatpushesthematterinsuchawaythatashockwaveiscreated.Herewediscusstwonovelideas.Firstly,thetransitiondomainbetweentherelativisticandnon-relativisticlaser-inducedshockwaves.Oursolutionisbasedonrelativistichydrodynamicsalsofortheabovetransitiondomain.Therelativisticshockwaveparameters,suchascompression,pressure,shockwaveandparticleflowvelocities,soundvelocityandrarefactionwavevelocityinthecompressedtarget,andtemperaturearecalculated.Secondly,wewouldliketousethistransitiondomainforshockwave-inducedultrafastignitionofapre-compressedtarget.Thelaserparametersforthesepurposesarecalculatedandthemainadvantagesofthisschemearedescribed.Ifthisschemeissuccessfulanewsourceofenergyinlargequantitiesmaybecomefeasible.

简介：Recenthigh-resolutiondeepseismicreflectionprofileacrosstheKunlunfaultinnortheasternTibetshowsclearlythattheMohoiscutoffbyacomplexthrustfaultsystem.Mohooffsetisageneralphenomenon,butlittleisknownaboutthedynamicmechanism.Inthisstudy,contactmodelswithMaxwellmaterialsareusedtosimulatethemechanicalprocessofMohooffsetinducedbytheaseismicslipofdeeplyburiedfaults.Basedontheseismicreflectiondata,weprojectasinglefaultmodelandacomplexfaultsystemmodelwithtwofaultsintersecting.ThedeformationsoftheMoho,theaseismicslips,andcontactstressesonfaultsindifferentmodelsarediscussedindetail.ResultsshowthattheMohooffsetmightbeproducedbyaseismicslipofdeeplyburiedfaults,andthemagnitudeisinfluencedbythefrictioncoefficientoffaultsandtheviscosityofthelowercrust.ThemaximumslipoccursneartheMohoonthesinglefaultoratthecrossingpointoftwointersectingfaultssystem.StressconcentratesmainlyontheMoho,thedeependoffaults,orthecrossingpoint.ThisstudywillthrowlightonunderstandingthemechanismofMohooffsetandaseismicslipofdeeplyburiedfaults.Theresultsofcomplexfaultsystemwithtwofaultsintersectingarealsousefultounderstandtheshallowintersectingfaultsthatmaycauseearthquakes.

简介：AtheoreticalinvestigationonthepH-inducedswitchingofmixedpolyelectrolytebrusheswasperformedbyusingamoleculartheory.TheresultsindicatethattheswitchingpropertiesofmixedpolyelectrolytebrushesaredependentonthepHvalues.AtlowpH,negativelychargedchainsadoptacompactconformationonthebottomofthebrushwhilepositivelychargedchainsarehighlystretchedawayfromthesurface.AthighpHvalues,theinversetransformationtakesplace.TheroleofpHdeterminingthepolymerchainsconformationandchargebehaviorofmixedpolyelectrolytebrusheswasanalyzed.Itisfoundthatthereexistsamechanismforreducingstrongelectrostaticrepulsions:stretchingofthechains.TheH+andOH-unitsplayamoreimportantroleascounterionsofthechargedpolymersdo.ThecollapseofthepolyelectrolytechainsfordifferentpHvaluescouldbeattributedtothescreeningoftheelectrostaticinteractionsandthecounterion-mediatedattractiveinteractionalongthechains.

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简介：在一个关上的领域的pycnocline被强迫的外部风倾斜并且当风下时，趋于恢复到一个水平位置。如果强迫是弱的，否则内部巨浪和内部独居的波浪出现，内部湖震摆动展出，它用作一个连接串联精力到小规模的过程。与一个骚乱闭合模型一起的二维的非静水力学的代码被构造扩大以前的实验室研究。模型能复制在相应实验室实验观察的所有关键现象。模型结果进一步为相关动态进程的深入的理解用作一个全面、可靠的数据集合。比较分析显示那个非线性的术语赞成内部巨浪和随后的内部独居的波浪的产生，并且线性模型相当预言一般趋势很好。垂直边界能近似反映所有到来的波浪，当斜坡边界为小规模的内部波浪碎和精力驱散用作一个区域时。领域的时间的进化综合运动并且势能也被分析，并且结果显示大约20%起始的可得到的势能在碎的第一个内部波浪期间被失去过程。象格子拓扑学和模型初始化那样的某数字战术简短也被讨论。

简介：Morelocalizedenergydepositionisabletobeproducedinantiproton-nucleuscollisionsincomparisonwithheavy-ioncollisionsduetoannihilationreactions.Searchingforthecoldquark-gluonplasma(QGP)withantiprotonbeamshasbeenconsideredasahottopicbothinexperimentsandinthereticalcalculationsoverthepastseveraldecades.Strangenessproductionandhypernucleusformationinantiproton-inducednuclearreactionsareimportanceinexploringthehyperon(antihyperon)-nucleon(HN)potentialandtheantinucleon-nucleoninteraction,whichhavebeenhottopicsintheforthcomingexperimentsatPANDAinGermany.

简介：Assumingthatthelithiationreactionoccursrandomlyinindividualsmallparticlesinthevicinityofthereactionfront,asimplemodelofdiffusioninduceddislocationswasdeveloped.Thediffusion-induceddislocationsarecontrolledbythemisfitstraincreatedbythediffusionofsoluteatomsorthephasetransformationinthevicinityofthereactionfront.Thedislocationdensityisproportionaltothetotalsurfaceareaofthe"lithiatedparticle"andinverselyproportionaltotheparticlevolume.Thediffusion-induceddislocationsrelievethediffusion-inducedstresses.

简介：Hearingloss(HL)isoneofthemostwidespreadsensorydisorders,affectingapproximately1in500newborns.HeritablediseasesoftheinnereararetheleadingcausesofprelingualHL.TreatingofhereditaryHLandunderstandingitsunderlyingmechanismsremaindifficultchallengestootolaryngologists.Asstemcellsarecapableofself-renewalanddifferentiation,theyareideallysuitedbothfordiseasemodelingandregenerativemedicine.Recently,descriptionofinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPSCs)hasallowedthefieldofdiseasemodelingandpersonalizedtherapytobecomefarmoreaccessibleandphysiologicallyrelevant,asiPSCscanbegeneratedfrompatientsofanygeneticbackground.ThisreviewbrieflydescribestheadvantagesofiPSCstechnologyanddiscussespotentialapplicationsofthispowerfulbiologicaltoolinstudyingandtreatinghereditaryHL.

简介：Themicrostructureofstress-inducedmartensite(SIM)inthenanocrystallineNiTialloywasinvestigatedbymeansoftransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM).Theresultshowsthatthemulti-variantstructureofthemartensiteissuppressedandonlysingle-variantmartensitictwinsformaftertensiledeformationwhenthegrainsizeissmallerthan80nm.Thenormaldirectionsofthe(001)B190twinplanesareallwithintherangeof45°fromtheaxialdirectionofthewire.Theanglebetweentwincrystals(1'11)Mand(111)ToftheSIMisalsofoundtobesmallerthanthatofthermallyinducedmartensiteinnanocrystallineNiTi.

简介：Thediffusionbehaviordrivenbyboundednoiseundertheinfluenceofacoupledharmonicpotentialisinvestigatedinatwo-dimensionalcoupled-dampedmodel.WiththehelpoftheLaplaceanalysisweobtainexactdescriptionsforaparticle’stwo-timedynamicswhichissubjectedtoacoupledharmonicpotentialandacoupleddamping.Thetimelagisusedtodescribethevelocityautocorrelationfunctionandmeansquaredisplacementofthediffusingparticle.Thediffusionbehaviorforthetimelagisalsodiscussedwithrespecttothecoupleditemsandtheamplitudeofboundednoise.

简介：ThewaveCoriolis-Stokes-Force-modifiedoceanmomentumequationsarereviewedinthispaperandthewaveStokestransportispointedouttobepartoftheoceancirculations.UsingtheEuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts40-yearreanalysisdata(ERA-40data)andtheSimpleOceanDataAssimilation(SODA)version2.2.4data,themagnitudeofthistransportiscomparedwiththatofwind-drivenSverdruptransportanda5-to-10-precentcontributionbythewaveStokestransportisfound.Bothtransportsarestrongerinborealwinterthaninsummers.Thewaveeffectcanbeeithercontributionorcancellationindifferentseasons.ExaminationwithKuroshiotransportverifiessimilarseasonalvariations.Theclarificationoftheefficientwaveboundaryconditionhelpstounderstandtheroleofwavesinmasstransport.Itactsassurfacewindstressandcanbefunctionaldowntothebottomoftheageostrophiclayer.Thepumpingvelocitiesresultingfromwave-inducedstressarezonallydistributedandaresignificantinrelativelyhighlatitudes.Furtherworkwillfocusonthemodelperformanceofthewave-stress-changed-boundaryandtheroleofswellsintheeasternpartoftheoceans.