简介：Theestablishmentofsuspensionculturesystemforneem(AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss)cellsandthesuspensioncultureconditionwasstudied.ItshowsthattheneemcellsuspensionculturesystemwasbestinB5liquidmedium,2.0~4.0mg/LNAAwithdirectspillmethod.Basedontheintegratedanalysisofcellbiomass,Azadirachtincontentandproductivity,theoptimumcultureconditionswereB5liquidmedium,2.0-4.0mg/LNAA,3%sucroseat25℃.Theoptimumrotatingspeedoftheshakerandbrothcontentd...

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简介：Theanatomycharacteristicsofcellwallandlignindistributionindifferentanatomicalregionsfor12-month-oldbamboospeciesPseudosasaamabiliswasinvestigated.Thelignindistributionwasstudiedbymeansofopticalmicroscopeandconfocallaserscanningmicroscopeandthecolorreaction.Inaddition,thedistributionofligninindifferenttissues(fiber,parenchymaandvessel)wasinvestigatedbyvisible-lightmicrospectrophotometrycoupledwiththeWiesnerandMaulereaction.Thecellwallsofdifferenttissueswerealllignifiedandtheligninwaswidelydistributedindifferenttissues,inwhichtherewasadifferencebetweentissuesandanatomicalregionsinlignincontent.Guaiacylligninandsyringylligninunitcouldbefoundincellwalloffiber,parenchymaandvesselthroughWiesnerandMaulereactionandtheabsorbancepeakofspectrum.Therewasnoregularvariationinlignincontentwithdifferentradiallocationofculmsanddifferentlocationinfiberstrands.Thelamellationofthefibercellwallwasgenerallyhadasalternatingbroadandnarrowlayerswithalternatinglowandhighconcentrationoflignin.

简介：Background:Volumeandtaperequationsareessentialforobtainingestimatesoftotalandmerchantablestemvolume.Taperfunctionsprovideadvantagestomerchantablevolumeequationsbecausetheyestimatediameterinsideoroutsidebarkatspecificheightsonthestem,enablingtheestimationoftotalandmerchantablestemvolume,volumeofindividuallogs,andaheightatagivendiameter.Methods:Usingdatacollectedfrom1218trees(1093Douglas-fir(Pseudotsugamenziesii(Mirbel)Franco)and125westernhemlock(Tsugaheterophylla)),weevaluatedtheperformanceofonesimplepolynomialfunctionandfourvariable-exponenttaperfunctionsinpredictingupperstemdiameter.SampletreeswerecollectedfromdifferentpartsofthestatesofOregon,Washington,andCalifornia.Wecomparedinside-barkvolumeestimatesobtainedfromtheselectedtaperequationwithestimatesobtainedfromasimplelogarithmicvolumeequationforthedataobtainedinthisstudyandtheequationsusedbytheForestInventoryandAnalysisprograminthePacificNorthwest(FIA-PNW)inthestateofCaliforniaandwesternhalfofthestatesofOregonandWashington.Results:Variableexponenttaperequationsweregenerallybetterthanthesimplepolynomialtaperequations.TheFIA-PNWvolumeequationsperformedfairlywellbutvolumeequationswithfewerparametersfittedinthisstudyprovidedcomparableresults.TheRMSEobtainedfromtaper-basedvolumeestimateswerealsocomparablewiththeRMSEoftheFIA-PNWvolumeequationsforDouglas-firandwesternhemlocktreesrespectively.Conclusions:ThetaperequationsfittedinthisstudyprovideaddedbenefittotheusersovertheFIA-PNWvolumeequationsbyenablingtheuserstopredictdiameteratanyheight,heighttoagivendiameter,andmerchantablevolumeinadditiontocubicvolumeincludingtopandstump(CVTS)ofDouglas-firandwesternhemlocktreesinthePacificNorthwest.ThefindingsofthisstudyalsogivemoreconfidencetotheusersofFIA-PNWvolumeequations.

简介：解剖特征为提取气候的信号被证明有用。为了检验气候的信号，在Changbai山由树戒指房间特征记录了，我们测量了房间数字和房间腔直径除了戒指宽度，朝鲜的松(Pinuskoraiensis)，树在地点响改变了举起，并且我们开发了房间数字(CN)的年表，吝啬的腔直径(MLD)，最大的腔直径(MAXLD)和树戒指宽度(TRW)。年表与气候的因素月刊平均数温度和降水的和被相关。是由我们的分析出现，房间参数年表对dendroclimatology研究合适。CN和TRW分享了不同于MLD和MAXLD的相对类似的气候的信号，并且生长气候关系是举起依赖者，作为由下列调查结果出现：(1)在记录的每举起，MLD和MAXLD，从那些的不同每月气候的信号为一样的气候的因素由TRW记录了；并且(2)MLD和MAXLD记录了不在在更低、中间的举起的TRW的气候的因素。房间腔直径证明了是为为这个学习区域改进气候重建的一个有效档案。

简介：Background:Stemradialgrowthinforestsisnotuniform.Rather,itischaracterizedbyperiodsofrelativelyfastorslowgrowth,orsometimesnogrowthatall.Thesefluctuationsaregenerallyafunctionofvaryingenvironmentalconditions(e.g.wateravailability)and,importantly,willalsobeassociatedwithadjustmentsinpropertiesinthewoodformed.Standlevelconditionsandforestmanagement,particularlythinningandstanddensitywill,however,alsohaveamajorinfluenceonpatternsofgrowthvariation.Weexplorehowdifferentthinninghistoriesand/orstanddensitiesinfluencethesedynamicsoftreegrowthintheimportantcommercialplantationspeciesPinusradiotaD.Don.Methods:DailystemsizechangewasmeasuredusingelectronicpointdendrometersovertwogrowingseasonsonP.rodiatatreesattwosites,subjectedtodifferentthinningregimes.Timing,ratesandperiodicityofannualgrowthwerecalculatedfromthesedata.Results:Greateroverallcross-seaionalgrowthinthinnedplotswasdrivenmainlybytwodynamics.First,thecessationofseasonalgrowthoccurredatleast3weekslaterinthestandsinwhichthinninghadtakenplace.Therewasnodifferencebetweenthinned/unthinnedstands,however,inthetimingofgrowthonset.Second,withinthelongerseason,treesinthinnedplotshadmoregrowthdays(asmuchas20%more)thanunthinnedplots.Theratesofgrowthondayswhengrowthoccurredwerenotdifferent,however.Inthiscontext,itisnotablethatintreesintheunthinnedplotsexperiencingthemostseverecompetitiontherewerestrongMpulsesMofgrowthfollowingdrought-breakingrainfallevents.Unthinnedplotsathighstanddensitiesalsomaintainedasmaller(butconsistent)zoneofdividingcellsthroughouttheseasonthanthinnedplots.Conclusions:InPinusradiatogrowingunderconditionsasinourstudy,conditionslateinsummer,particularlydrought,haveanimportanteffectonthetimingofcessationofgrowth.Earlyseasontemperatureappearstohavenoeffectin

简介：Anopen-topchamberexperimentwasconductedattheUniversityofMichiganBiologicalStationnearPellston,Michigan,USA,tostudytheeffectsofsoilfertilityandCO2onleaf,stemandrootdarkrespiration(Rd)ofPopulustremuloides.Overall,area-baseddaytimeleafRd(Rda)wassignificantlygreateratelevatedthanatambientCO2inhigh-fertilitysoil,butnotinlow-fertilitysoil.Mass-basedleafRd(Rdm)wasoverallgreaterforhigh-thanforlow-fertilitysoilgrowntreesatelevated,butnotatambientCO2.NighttimeleafRdaandRdmwereunaffectedbysoilfertilityorCO2,norwasstemRda,whichrangedfrom1.0to1.4μmolm-2s-1inthespringand3.5to4.5μmolm-2s-1inthesummer.RootRdawassignificantlyhigherinhigh-thaninlow-fertilitysoil,butwasunaffectedbyCO2.SincebiomassproductionofP.tremuloideswillbesignificantlygreateratelevatedCO2whilespecificRdwilleitherincreaseorremainunchanged,wepredictthatcarbonlosstotheatmospherethroughrespirationfromthisecologicallyimportantspecieswouldincreaseathigherCO2.SoilfertilitywouldalsointeractwithelevatedCO2inaffectingthecarbonflowintheplant-soil-airsystem.