简介：Acompactmultipasscellwithlowfringesandhighthermalstabilityisdescribed.Thiscellisformedbytwotwistedcylindricalmirrors.Theopticalparametersaredeterminedbasedontheselectioncriteria,whichincludemirrorfillingefficiency,interferencefringes,andpatternstability.Withapatternof174passes,thiscellgivesa22-mpathlengthinavolumeof0.55L.Theresultsofanabsorptionmeasurementofoxygenat13091.7cm1showthatthefringenoiseislowerthan6.54×104.Themaximumallowedtemperaturechangetokeepthebeamfromexitingis33K,whichindicateshighstabilityagainstthermaldrift.

简介：Axonaldegenerationisapivotalfeatureofmanyneurodegenerativeconditionsandsubstantiallyaccountsforneurologicalmorbidity.AwidelyusedexperimentalmodeltostudythemechanismsofaxonaldegenerationisWalleriandegeneration(WD),whichoccursafteracuteaxonalinjury.Intheperipheralnervoussystem(PNS),WDischaracterizedbyswiftdismantlingandclearanceofinjuredaxonswiththeirmyelinsheaths.Thisisaprerequisiteforsuccessfulaxonalregeneration.Inthecentralnervoussystem(CNS),WDismuchslower,whichsignificantlycontributestofailedaxonalregeneration.Althoughitiswell-documentedthatSchwanncells(SCs)haveacriticalroleintheregenerativepotentialofthePNS,todatewehaveonlyscarceknowledgeastohowSCs‘sense'axonalinjuryandimmediatelyrespondtoit.Inthisregard,itremainsunknownastowhetherSCsplaytheroleofapassivebystanderoranactivedirectorduringtheexecutionofthehighlyorchestrateddisintegrationprogramofaxons.Olderreports,togetherwithmorerecentstudies,suggestthatSCsmountdynamicinjuryresponsesminutesafteraxonalinjury,longbeforeaxonalbreakdownoccurs.TheswiftSCresponsetoaxonalinjurycouldplayeitherapro-degenerativerole,oralternativelyasupportiverole,totheintegrityofdistressedaxonsthathavenotyetcommittedtodegenerate.Indeed,supportingthelatterconcept,recentfindingsinachronicPNSneurodegenerationmodelindicatethatdeactivationofakeymoleculepromotingSCinjuryresponsesexacerbatesaxonalloss.Ifthisholdstrueinabroaderspectrumofconditions,itmayprovidethegroundsforthedevelopmentofnewglia-centrictherapeuticapproachestocounteractaxonalloss.

简介：Circulatingtumorcells(CTCs)areapopulationoftumorcellsmediatingmetastasis,whichresultsinmostofthecancerrelateddeaths.ThenumberofCTCsintheperipheralbloodofpatientsisrare,andmanyplatformshavebeenlaunchedfordetectionandenrichmentofCTCs.EnumerationofCTCshasalreadybeenusedasaprognosismarkerpredictingthesurvivalrateofcancerpatients.YetCTCsshouldbemorepotential.StudiesonCTCsatsinglecelllevelmayhelprevealingtheunderlyingmechanismoftumorigenesisandmetastasis.Thoughfarfromdeveloped,thisareaofstudyholdsmuchpromiseinprovidingnewclinicalapplicationanddeepunderstandingtowardsmetastasisandcancerdevelopment.

简介：生来的杀手(NK)房间对癌症在主人免疫起关键作用。在反应，癌症开发机制逃离NK房间攻击或导致有缺点的NK房间。当前的NK基于房间的癌症免疫疗法试图用几条途径克服NK房间麻痹。一条途径使用扩展allogeneicNK房间，它没被象自体同源的NK房间一样的自我histocompatibility抗原禁止，为采纳细胞的免疫疗法。另一条采纳转移途径使用稳定的allogeneicNK房间线，它为质量控制和大规模生产是更实际的。第三条途径是新鲜NK房间或NK房间线的基因修正高度表示cytokines，Fc受体或妄想的肿瘤抗原受体。治疗学的NK细胞能从各种各样的来源被导出，包括细胞，干细胞或甚至导致的pluripotent干细胞(iPSCs)，和许多激发器能被用于的外设或绳索血在实验室或好生产实践(GMP)的大规模生产设备包括可溶的生长因素，使不能调动的分子或抗体，和另外的细胞的使活跃之物。到在临床的试用的癌症的对待几类型的NK房间治疗的一张表这里被考察。基于NK的免疫疗法的几条不同途径例如织物特定的NK房间，漂亮面向受体的NK房间和化学上对待的NK房间，被讨论。一些新技术或策略到由非侵略的成像的监视器NK房间治疗，预定NK房间治疗由的效率在vivo实验并且在临床的试用评估NK房间治疗途径也被介绍。

简介：ObjectivesLangerhans'Cellhistiocytosis(LCH)isararedisease,whichremainspoorlyunderstoodandwhosecellularoriginremainsunknown.ToincreaseunderstandingoftemporalboneLCH,itisnecessarytostudyrecentadvancesinthediagnosisandtreatmentofthisdisease.MethodsThelongterm(5to30years)resultsof21temporalboneLCHcasestreatedbetween1973and2003werereviewed.Surgery,radiotherapy,pharmacologictherapyoracombinationofthesetreatmentswereemployedinthesecases.ResultsEighteenpatientswerecured(18/21,85%).Sixpatientsdevelopedresidualdiabetesinsipidus(DI)anddwarfism(28%).Threepatientsdied(14%).ConclusionsTheAlessiclassificationsystemforLCHbasedontheextentofdiseaseaccuratelypredictsprognosisandisausefulguideinselectingtreatmentmethodologies.X-ray,computedtomographyandmagneticresonanceimaginghaveprovedusefulindefiningtheextentofosseousandsofttissuediseases.DiagnosisofLCHisbasedonclinicalpresentations,radiographicfindingsandhistopathologicalresults.Surgeryandradiotherapyarethemaintreatmentmodalities.Pharmacologictherapyshouldbeusedinpatientswithaggressive,disseminate,andrefractorylesions.LCHhasapredilectionforchildrenandprognosisdependsonageandextentofvitalorganinvolvement.

简介：ＴＨＥＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＩＥＳＯＦＬＥＵＫＯＣＹＴＥＡＮＤＥＲＹＴＨＲＯＣＹＴＥＡＤＨＥＲＥＤＴＯＥＮＤＯＴＨＥＬＩＡＬＣＥＬＬＩＮＦＬＯＷＦＩＥＬＤＴＨＥＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＩＥＳＯＦＬＥＵＫＯＣＹＴＥＡＮＤＥＲＹＴＨＲＯＣＹＴＥＡＤＨＥＲＥＤＴＯＥＮＤＯＴ...

简介：Objective:Thisstudyaimstoexploretheclinicopathologicfeaturesof112patientswithmantlecelllymphoma(MCL).Methods:Datafrom112MCLcaseswerecollected,andimmunohistochemicalassaywasconducted.Fluorescenceinsituhybridization(FISH)detectedabreakintheCCND1gene.Thet-testwasusedinthestatisticalanalysis.Results:Alltumorcellsinthe112casesexpressedBcell-relatedantigen,including1blastoidsubtypeand1polymorphicsubtype.Amongallcases,106expressedCD5and104expressedcyclinD1.AbreakintheCCND1genewasnotfoundin3caseswithCD5-MCL.IgH/CCND1polyploidwasobservedin2classiccases.Conclusion:MCLisatypeofspecialimmunophenotypicB-celllymphoma.Theprognosesofblastoidandpolymorphicsubtypesarepoor.Specialsubtypesshouldbeclassifiedduringdiagnosis.

简介：Objective:TodetectdifferentialproteinexpressioninmalignantandnormallivercelllinesinvitrousingtheSELDIProteinChipplatform,forinvestigatingthepathogenesisoflivercancer.Methods:Twocelllines,humannormallivercelllineL02andhepatomacelllineSMMC-7721wereculturedroutinely,harvestedingoodconditionandlysed.Afterquantification,thesupernatantofthelysatewastestedbyIMAC3(ImmobilizedMentalAffinityCapture)andWCX2(WeakCationExchange)chipsontheSELDI-TOF-MSProteinChipreader.Results:Proteinexpressiondifferedbetweenthemalignantandnormallivercelllines.Atotalof20differentiallyexpressedproteinswerefound,amongwhich,7werecapturedbytheIMAC3chipand14bytheWCX2chip.Peaksat5,419,7,979and11,265Dawerehigherandat8,103,8,492,10,160and11,304DalowerinSMMC-7721cellsbytheIMAC3chip;peaksat7,517,7,945and7,979Dawerehigherandat5,061,5,551,5,818,7,439,9,401,10,100,10,312,11,621,11,662,11,830and12,772DalowerinSMMC-7721cellsbytheWCX2chip.Interestingly,bothchipscapturedthe7,979Dapeak.Inaddition,the11,081DapeakcorrespondedpreciselywiththemolecularmassofthecalciumbindingproteinS100A10,whichmayparticipateintheformationoflivercancerinassociationwithp36.Conclusion:DetectingdifferentialproteinexpressioninmalignantandnormallivercelllinesusingtheSELDIProteinChipplatformwassimple,sensitiveandrepeatable.Theresultsweobtainedcanserveasabasisforinvestigatingthepathogenesisoflivercancerandaidthediscoveryofnewtherapeutictargets.

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简介：人工的介绍抗原的房间被期望在注入前刺激T房间的最佳的治疗学的特征的扩大和获得。这里，绑在IgGmonoclonal抗体的可结晶的碎片的CD32遗传上在人的K562白血病房间上被表示为T房间受体提供ligand。CD86和4-1BBL，它是分别地，CD28和4-1BB的受体是的共同刺激的ligands也在K562上表示了房间。然后，我们由对CD3与OKT3monoclonal抗体联合K32/CD86/4-1BBL房间完成了人工的介绍抗原的房间，命名K32/CD86/4-1BBL/OKT3房间。这些人工的修改细胞有导致CD8+T细胞激活的能力，支持CD8+T细胞增长，分割，和长期的生长，禁止CD8+T细胞apoptosis，并且提高IFN-和perforin的CD8+T细胞分泌物。而且，抗原特定的细胞毒素的T淋巴细胞能在至少在28天以内与K32/CD86/4-1BBL/OKT3房间刺激的文化被保留。这条途径为CD8+T房间的扩大和激活柔韧、简单、可再现、节俭并且可以为采纳免疫疗法有重要治疗学的含意。

简介：AbstractHistorically, breast cancer has been regarded as an immunogenic "cold" tumor. However, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made immunotherapy becoming an emerging new treatment modality for breast cancer. This review discusses the immune system, immune features of breast cancer, and the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors used in the treatment of breast cancer. High T lymphocyte infiltration and mutation burden were observed in triple-negative breast cancer and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer. Increasing breast cancer immunogenicity and modulating the tumor microenvironment has been reported to improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Recent clinical trials involving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors monotherapy in breast cancer has revealed little efficacy, which highlights the need to develop combinations of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies to maximize the clinical efficacy. Collectively, the immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer and several clinical trials are still on-going.

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简介：STEM(科学、科技、工程及数学)教育是香港教育界最近几年的热门话题之一。为了培育相关领域的多元人才,为学生生涯规划提供多元出路,提升香港的国际竞争力,为我国发展贡献力量,香港地区在中小学大力推动了STEM教育校本课程的发展,并结合校情采取适合自己学校的STEM课程实施模式,取得了较大的成效,这对推动内地的STEM教育具有一定的借鉴意义。一、香港STEM教育指引支援香港特首在最近3年的施政报告中都提出把

简介：在肿瘤开始的癌症干细胞(CSC)的重要性坚定地在白血病被建立了并且最近为许多稳固的肿瘤报导了。然而，特别地关于转移，在多级式的癌症前进的CSC的角色有不定义beenwell。癌症转移要求在远机关播种和specializedCSCs的成功的殖民。正常干细胞和CSC的生物学分享显著类似并且当适用于癌症的学习时，可以有重要含意转移。而且，重叠分子和小径的集合最近被识别了调整干细胞移植和癌症转移。这些分子组成两个都为移植CSC由主要肿瘤和养育的机关微型环境的形成便于转移前壁龛的开始的细胞的相互作用的一个复杂网络。在这评论，我们在这个动态领域里调查了最近的进展并且建议CSC在tumorigenesis和转移在假定一个中央角色的癌症前进的一个统一模型。更好作为变形串联的一个基本部件理解ofCSCs将对变形癌症导致新奇治疗学的策略。

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简介：摘要STEM教育从美国传播至全世界其他国家，成为了许多国家战略发展、教育创新的重要途径。本研究通过文献法和内容分析法对知网上相关资料进行整理分析，对STEM教育的教学应用及课程整合进行了整理归纳，并提出相应的鄙陋观点，希望对国内STEM教育的发展提供相应的依据。

简介：如果近期你去过附近的儿科医生候诊室,你可能会注意到一些变化。以前有许多小块和无数的公共玩具的低技术游戏区,已经转变成一个数字游乐场——平板屏幕、高清电视运行的卡通,以及最新的游戏系统都在等待着孩子们去尝试。如果这些高科技设备无法吸引孩子们的注意,那么家长就会拿出他们的便携式平板电脑。

简介：【摘要】随着教育的全球化浪潮兴起，信息技术教育备受重视，在中小学阶段的基础教育领域，对学生的创新能力和实践能力有了更高的要求。然而落实到教学中，新型课程该如何开展，都还未形成统一标准。本文通过分析STEM教育理念，与本校arduino创客教育相结合，以开展具体项目为中心对STEM教学进行分步详解。

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简介：当下，STEM课程在国内风生水起，成为各中小学名校的“宠儿”。这一教育项目起源于十多年前的美国，它将科学、技术、工程和数学进行了有机整合，对学生的许多基本能力及综合能力提升有十分明显的作用。