简介：Traumaticbraininjury(TBI)istheleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityofpersonsunder45yearsoldintheUnitedStates,affectingover1.5millionindividualseachyear.Ithadbeenthoughtthatrecoveryfromsuchinjuriesisseverelylimitedduetotheinabilityoftheadultbraintoreplacedamagedneurons.However,recentstudiesindicatethatthematuremammaliancentralnervoussystem(CNS)hasthepotentialtoreplenishdamagedneuronsbyproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofadultneuralstem/progenitorcellsresidingintheneurogenicregionsinthebrain.Furthermore,increasingevidenceindicatesthattheseendogenousstem/progenitorcellsmayplayregenerativeandreparativerolesinresponsetoCNSinjuriesordiseases.Insupportofthisnotion,heightenedlevelsofcellproliferationandneurogenesishavebeenobservedinresponsetobraintraumaorinsultssuggestingthatthebrainhastheinherentpotentialtorestorepopulationsofdamagedordestroyedneurons.Thisreviewwilldiscussthepotentialfunctionsofadultneurogenesisandrecentdevelopmentofstrategiesaimingatharnessingthisneurogeniccapacityinordertorepopulateandrepairtheinjuredbrain.

简介：Humanendogenousretroviruses(HERVs)areretrovirusesthatinfectedhumangenomemillionsofyearsagoandhavepersistedthroughouthumanevolution.About8%ofourgenomeiscomposedofHERVs,mostofwhicharenonfunctionalbecauseofepigeneticcontrolordeactivatingmutations.However,acorrelationbetweenHERVsandhumancancerhasbeendescribedandmanytumors,suchasmelanoma,breastcancer,germcelltumors,renalcancerorovariancancer,expressHERVproteins,mainlyHERV-K(HML6)andHERV-K(HML2).AlthoughthecausativeroleofHERVsincanceriscontroversial,datafromanimalmodelsdemonstratedthatendogenousretrovirusesarepotentiallyoncogenic.HERVproteinexpressioninhumancellsgeneratesanimmuneresponsebyactivatinginnateandadaptiveimmunities.SomeHERV-derivedpeptideshaveantigenicproperties.Forexample,HERV-K(HML-6)encodestheHER-KMELpeptiderecognizedbyCD8+lymphocytes.Inaddition,HERVsaretwoedgedimmunomodulators.HERVsshowimmunosuppressiveactivity.Thepresenceofgenomicretroviralelementsinhost-cellcytosolmayactivateaninterferontypeIresponse.Therefore,targetingHERVsthroughcellularvaccinesorimmunomodulatorydrugscombinedwithcheckpointinhibitorsisattractinginterestbecausetheycouldbeactiveinhumantumors.

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简介：ProfessorKowk-faiSo,theeditor-in-chiefofNeuralRegenerationResearch,hasbeennamedaFellowoftheNationalAcademyofInventors(NAI)ProfessorKwok-faiSo,DepartmentofOphthalmology,LiKaShing,FacultyofMedicine,TheUniversityofHongKong(HKU),hasbeennamedaFellowoftheNationalAcademyofInventors(NAI).

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简介：NeuralRegenerationResearch(NRR)isafirst-classinternationalacademicjournalpublishedinEnglish.ItissupervisedbytheMinistryofHealth,P.R.China.NRR(CN11-5422/R,ISSN1675-5374)isamonthlyjournal,distributedallovertheworld.

简介：Immunobiologicalstudyisakeytorevealingtheimportantbasisoffacialnerverepairandregenerationforbothresearchanddevelopmentofclinictreatments.Themicroenvironmentalchangesaroundaninjuriedfacialmotoneuron,i.e.,theaggregationandexpressionofvarioustypesofimmunecellsandmoleculesinadynamicequilibrium,impenetratefromthestarttotheendoftherepairofaninjuredfacialnerve.Theconceptof'immunemicroenvironmentforfacialnerverepairandregeneration',mainlyconcernswiththedynamicexchangebetweenexpressionandregulationnetworksandavariatyofimmunecellsandimmunemoleculesintheprocessoffacialnerverepairandregenerationforthemaintenanceofaimmunemicroenvironmentfavorablefornerverepair.Investigationonmicroglialactivationandrecruitment,Tcellbehavior,cytokinenetworks,andimmunologicalcellularandmolecularsignalingpathwaysinfacialnerverepairandregenerationarethecurrenthotspotsintheresearchonimmunobiologyoffacialnerveinjury.Thecurrentpaperprovidesacomprehensivereviewoftheabovementionedissues.Researchoftheseissueswilleventuallymakeimmunologicalinterventionspracticabletreatmentsforfacialnerveinjuryintheclinic.

简介：Thecorneahasuniquefeaturesthatmakeitausefulmodelforregenerativemedicinestudies.Itisanavascular,transparent,denselyinnervatedtissueandanypathologicalchangescanbeeasilydetectedbyslitlampexamination.Cornealsensitivityisprovidedbytheophthalmicbranchofthetrigeminalnervethatelicitsprotectivereflexessuchasblinkingandtearingandexertstrophicsupportbyreleasingneuromediatorsandgrowthfactors.Cornealnervesareeasilyevaluatedforbothfunctionandmorphologyusingstandardinstrumentssuchascornealesthesiometerandinvivoconfocalmicroscope.Alllocalandsystemicconditionsthatareassociatedwithdamageofthetrigeminalnervecausethedevelopmentofneurotrophickeratitis,araredegenerativedisease.Neurotrophickeratitisischaracterizedbyimpairmentofcornealsensitivityassociatedwithdevelopmentofpersistentepithelialdefectsthatmayprogresstocornealulcer,meltingandperforation.Currentneurotrophickeratitistreatmentsaimatsupportingcornealhealingandpreventingprogressionofcornealdamage.Novelcompoundsabletostimulatecornealnerverecoveryareinadvanceddevelopmentstage.Amongthem,nervegrowthfactoreyedropsshowedtobesafeandeffectiveinstimulatingcornealhealingandimprovingcornealsensitivityinpatientswithneurotrophickeratitis.Neurotrophickeratitisrepresentsanusefulmodeltoevaluateinclinicalpracticenovelneuro-regenerativedrugs.

简介：Theintrinsicgrowthabilityofalltheneuronsdeclinesduringdevelopmentalthoughsomemaygrowbetterthanothers.Numerousintracellularsignalingproteinsandtranscriptionfactorshavebeenshowntoregulatetheintrinsicgrowthcapacityinmatureneurons.Amongthem,PI3kinase/Aktpathwayisimportantforcontrollingaxonelongation.Asanegativeregulatorofthispathway,thetumorsuppressorphosphataseandtensinhomolog(PTEN)appearscriticaltocontroltheregenerativeabilityofyoungandadultneurons.ThisreviewwillfocusonrecentresearchprogressinaxonregenerationandneuralrepairbyPTENinhibitionandtherapeuticpotentialofblockingthisphosphataseforneurologicaldisorders.InhibitionofPTENbydeletioninconditionalknockoutmice,knockdownbyshort-hairpinRNA,orblockadebypharmacologicalapproaches,includingadministrationofselectivePTENantagonistpeptides,stimulatesvariousdegreesofaxonregrowthinjuvenileoradultrodentswithcentralnervoussysteminjuries.Importantly,post-injuryPTENsuppressioncouldenhanceaxonalgrowthandfunctionalrecoveryinadultcentralnervoussystemafterinjury.

简介：NeuralRegenerationResearch(NRR,CN11-5422/R,ISSN1673-5374)isaninternationaljournalpublishingpeer-reviewedoriginalEnglisharticleschargedbytheMinistryofHealth,

简介：OnbehalfoftheEditors-in-ChiefandEditorialBoard,wewishtoexpressourgratitudetothefollowing'anonymous'reviewerswhogavetheirtimeandenergyforreviewingthearticles(eitherpublishedorrejected)fromJanuary1,2014,throughDecember31,2014,ensuringthequalityofNeuralRegenerationResearch.

简介：AbstractThe regeneration capacity of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is retained in neonatal mouse hearts but is limited in adult mouse hearts. Myocardial infarction (MI) in adult hearts usually leads to the loss of large amounts of cardiac tissue, and then accelerates the process of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the potential mechanisms of CM regeneration in the neonates and develop potential therapies aimed at promoting CM regeneration and cardiac repair in adults. Currently, studies indicate that a number of mechanisms are involved in neonatal endogenous myocardial regeneration, including cell cycle regulators, transcription factors, non-coding RNA, signaling pathways, acute inflammation, hypoxia, protein kinases, and others. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration in neonatal CMs after MI provides theoretical support for the studies related to the promotion of heart repair after MI in adult mammals. However, several difficulties in the study of CM regeneration still need to be overcome. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of endogenous CM regeneration in neonatal mouse hearts and discusses possible therapeutic targets and future research directions.

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简介：Neurodegenerativedisordersaffectmorethan30millionindividualsthroughouttheworldandleadtosignificantdisabilityaswellasdeath.Thesestatisticswillincreasealmostexponentiallyasthelifespanandageofindividualsincreasegloballyandindividualsbecomemoresusceptibletoacutedisorderssuchasstrokeaswellaschronicdiseasesthatinvolvecognitiveloss,Alzheimer’sdisease,andParkinson’sdisease.Currenttherapiesforsuchdisordersareeffectiveonlyforasmallsubsetofindividualsorprovidesymptomaticreliefbutdonotalterdiseaseprogression.Oneexcitingtherapeuticapproachthatmayturnthetideforaddressingneurodegenerativedisordersinvolvesthemammaliantargetofrapamycin(mTOR).mTORisacomponentoftheproteincomplexesmTORComplex1(mTORC1)andmTORComplex2(mTORC2)thatareubiquitousthroughoutthebodyandcontrolmultiplefunctionssuchasgenetranscription,metabolism,cellsurvival,andcellsenescence.mTORthroughitsrelationshipwithphosphoinositide3-kinase(PI3-K)andproteinkinaseB(Akt)andmultipledownstreamsignalingpathwayssuchasp70ribosomalS6kinase(p70S6K)andprolinerichAktsubstrate40kDa(PRAS40)promotesneuronalcellregenerationthroughstemcellrenewalandoverseescriticalpathwayssuchasapoptosis,autophagy,andnecroptosistofosterprotectionagainstneurodegenerativedisorders.TargetingbymTORofspecificpathwaysthatdrivelong-termpotentiation,synapticplasticity,andβ-amyloidtoxicitymayoffernewstrategiesfordisorderssuchasstrokeandAlzheimer’sdisease.Overall,mTORisanessentialneuroprotectivepathwaybutmustbecarefullytargetedtomaximizeclinicalefficacyandeliminateanyclinicaltoxicsideeffects.