简介：Traumaticbraininjury(TBI)istheleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityofpersonsunder45yearsoldintheUnitedStates,affectingover1.5millionindividualseachyear.Ithadbeenthoughtthatrecoveryfromsuchinjuriesisseverelylimitedduetotheinabilityoftheadultbraintoreplacedamagedneurons.However,recentstudiesindicatethatthematuremammaliancentralnervoussystem(CNS)hasthepotentialtoreplenishdamagedneuronsbyproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofadultneuralstem/progenitorcellsresidingintheneurogenicregionsinthebrain.Furthermore,increasingevidenceindicatesthattheseendogenousstem/progenitorcellsmayplayregenerativeandreparativerolesinresponsetoCNSinjuriesordiseases.Insupportofthisnotion,heightenedlevelsofcellproliferationandneurogenesishavebeenobservedinresponsetobraintraumaorinsultssuggestingthatthebrainhastheinherentpotentialtorestorepopulationsofdamagedordestroyedneurons.Thisreviewwilldiscussthepotentialfunctionsofadultneurogenesisandrecentdevelopmentofstrategiesaimingatharnessingthisneurogeniccapacityinordertorepopulateandrepairtheinjuredbrain.

简介：Humanendogenousretroviruses(HERVs)areretrovirusesthatinfectedhumangenomemillionsofyearsagoandhavepersistedthroughouthumanevolution.About8%ofourgenomeiscomposedofHERVs,mostofwhicharenonfunctionalbecauseofepigeneticcontrolordeactivatingmutations.However,acorrelationbetweenHERVsandhumancancerhasbeendescribedandmanytumors,suchasmelanoma,breastcancer,germcelltumors,renalcancerorovariancancer,expressHERVproteins,mainlyHERV-K(HML6)andHERV-K(HML2).AlthoughthecausativeroleofHERVsincanceriscontroversial,datafromanimalmodelsdemonstratedthatendogenousretrovirusesarepotentiallyoncogenic.HERVproteinexpressioninhumancellsgeneratesanimmuneresponsebyactivatinginnateandadaptiveimmunities.SomeHERV-derivedpeptideshaveantigenicproperties.Forexample,HERV-K(HML-6)encodestheHER-KMELpeptiderecognizedbyCD8+lymphocytes.Inaddition,HERVsaretwoedgedimmunomodulators.HERVsshowimmunosuppressiveactivity.Thepresenceofgenomicretroviralelementsinhost-cellcytosolmayactivateaninterferontypeIresponse.Therefore,targetingHERVsthroughcellularvaccinesorimmunomodulatorydrugscombinedwithcheckpointinhibitorsisattractinginterestbecausetheycouldbeactiveinhumantumors.

简介：Thispaperadoptstherealoptionsapproachtostudythedecision-makingofcorporateendogenousbankruptcyanddebtreorganizationinarisk-neutralframework,whileunderstandingcorporatebankruptcyanddebtreorganizationastheoptionsheldbyequityholdersandthecreditor.Afterobtainingthevaluesofcontingentclaimsonthecorporateassets,thepaperanalyzesthebankruptcydecisionsofdifferentleveredcorporate.Withstandarddebtcontractandunderabsolutepriorityrule,thebankruptcytimesmaximizingtheequityvaluearenotconsistentwiththosemaximizingthecorporatevalue:thehighleveredcorporatewillinefficientlybankruptearlywhilethelowleveredcorporatewillinefficientlybankruptlate.Ifdebtreorganizationorcreditorconcessionisn'tallowed,liquidationoftenleadstothelossinvalue.Butifstrategicdefaultordeviationfromabsolutepriorityruleisallowed,thedecisionmaximizingtheequityvaluewillbeconsistentwiththatmaximizingthecorporatevalue.Debtreorganizationhassignificanteconomicimplication:forhighleveredcorporateorlowleveredcorporate,withdebtreorganizationordeviationoftheabsolutepriorityrulepermitted,postponedorhastenedbankruptcycanbeavoided,hence,thebankruptcytriggerchosenbyequityholderstomaximizetheequityvalueisefficientdecisionwithoutvaluelosses.

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简介：这张手稿用设计策略的织物集中于骨头修理/新生，并且加亮导致新奇nanocomposite系统的nanobiotechnology开发。大约650万破裂在美国每年发生，并且大约550,000个这些单个盒子要求了骨头接枝的申请。自然发生并且allogenous骨头最广泛地为骨头接枝被使用了基于的治疗；然而，象施主缺乏和感染的风险那样有重要问题。用合成、自然的biomaterials的选择被开发了，并且一些为要求骨头接枝的临床的应用程序是商业地可得到的。然而，设计很仔细模仿骨头织物在结构上，和罐头的理想的合成接枝仍然是大挑战在造骨细胞和祖先房间人口调制需要的功能。Nanobiomaterials，明确地，nanocompositeshydroxyapatite创作了(哈)或骨胶原极其正在答应接枝代用品。biocomposites能被制作模仿本国的骨头织物的材料作文，并且另外，当使用nano时--哈(减少的谷物尺寸)，一个人模仿本国的骨头的结构的安排。骨头生物学和结构的好理解对骨头mimicking接枝代用品的开发批评。哈并且能进一步调制regenerative/healing的优秀osteoconductive性质处理跟随破裂损害的骨胶原展览。与另外的聚合biomaterials结合将增强因此做新奇nano的机械性质--哈比得上人的骨头的基于的composites。我们用nanocomposites在最近的研究上报导为部分骨头缺点的新生作为粒子和nanofibers被制作了。在nanocomposites的研究，在理想的未来发展加亮一个枢轴的角色整形外科植入设备，然而进一步的重要前进是必要的完成临床的使用。

简介：ProfessorKowk-faiSo,theeditor-in-chiefofNeuralRegenerationResearch,hasbeennamedaFellowoftheNationalAcademyofInventors(NAI)ProfessorKwok-faiSo,DepartmentofOphthalmology,LiKaShing,FacultyofMedicine,TheUniversityofHongKong(HKU),hasbeennamedaFellowoftheNationalAcademyofInventors(NAI).

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简介：IAPs(inhibitorsofapoptosis)areafamilyofproteinscontainingoneormorecharacteristicBIRdomains.Theseproteinshavemultiplebiologicalactivitiesthatincludebindingandinhibitingcaspases,regulatingcellcycleprogression,andmodulatingreceptor-mediatedsignaltransduction.OurrecentstudiesfoundtheIAPfamilymembersXIAPandc-IAP1areubiquitinatedanddegradedinproteasomesinresponsetoapoptoticstimuliinTcells,andtheirdegradationappearstobeimportantforTcellstocommittodeath.InadditiontothreeBIRdomains,eachoftheseIAPsalsocontainsaRINGfingerdomain.Wefoundthisregionconfersubiquitinproteaseligase(E3)activitytoIAPs,andisresponsiblefortheauto-ubiquitinationanddegradationofIAPsafteranapoptoticstimulus.GiventhefactthatIAPscanbindavarietyofproteins,suchascaspasesandTRAFs,itwillbeofinteresttocharacterizepotentialsubstratesoftheE3activityofIAPsandtheeffectsofubiquitinationbyIAPsonsignaltransduction,cellcycle,andapoptosis.

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简介：NeuralRegenerationResearch(NRR)isafirst-classinternationalacademicjournalpublishedinEnglish.ItissupervisedbytheMinistryofHealth,P.R.China.NRR(CN11-5422/R,ISSN1675-5374)isamonthlyjournal,distributedallovertheworld.

简介：Immunobiologicalstudyisakeytorevealingtheimportantbasisoffacialnerverepairandregenerationforbothresearchanddevelopmentofclinictreatments.Themicroenvironmentalchangesaroundaninjuriedfacialmotoneuron,i.e.,theaggregationandexpressionofvarioustypesofimmunecellsandmoleculesinadynamicequilibrium,impenetratefromthestarttotheendoftherepairofaninjuredfacialnerve.Theconceptof'immunemicroenvironmentforfacialnerverepairandregeneration',mainlyconcernswiththedynamicexchangebetweenexpressionandregulationnetworksandavariatyofimmunecellsandimmunemoleculesintheprocessoffacialnerverepairandregenerationforthemaintenanceofaimmunemicroenvironmentfavorablefornerverepair.Investigationonmicroglialactivationandrecruitment,Tcellbehavior,cytokinenetworks,andimmunologicalcellularandmolecularsignalingpathwaysinfacialnerverepairandregenerationarethecurrenthotspotsintheresearchonimmunobiologyoffacialnerveinjury.Thecurrentpaperprovidesacomprehensivereviewoftheabovementionedissues.Researchoftheseissueswilleventuallymakeimmunologicalinterventionspracticabletreatmentsforfacialnerveinjuryintheclinic.

简介：Thecorneahasuniquefeaturesthatmakeitausefulmodelforregenerativemedicinestudies.Itisanavascular,transparent,denselyinnervatedtissueandanypathologicalchangescanbeeasilydetectedbyslitlampexamination.Cornealsensitivityisprovidedbytheophthalmicbranchofthetrigeminalnervethatelicitsprotectivereflexessuchasblinkingandtearingandexertstrophicsupportbyreleasingneuromediatorsandgrowthfactors.Cornealnervesareeasilyevaluatedforbothfunctionandmorphologyusingstandardinstrumentssuchascornealesthesiometerandinvivoconfocalmicroscope.Alllocalandsystemicconditionsthatareassociatedwithdamageofthetrigeminalnervecausethedevelopmentofneurotrophickeratitis,araredegenerativedisease.Neurotrophickeratitisischaracterizedbyimpairmentofcornealsensitivityassociatedwithdevelopmentofpersistentepithelialdefectsthatmayprogresstocornealulcer,meltingandperforation.Currentneurotrophickeratitistreatmentsaimatsupportingcornealhealingandpreventingprogressionofcornealdamage.Novelcompoundsabletostimulatecornealnerverecoveryareinadvanceddevelopmentstage.Amongthem,nervegrowthfactoreyedropsshowedtobesafeandeffectiveinstimulatingcornealhealingandimprovingcornealsensitivityinpatientswithneurotrophickeratitis.Neurotrophickeratitisrepresentsanusefulmodeltoevaluateinclinicalpracticenovelneuro-regenerativedrugs.

简介：Withvillageeliteflowastheclues,thisstudymainlydescribesthedevelopmentoftheHongqivillagecooperativeorganization.Throughanalyzingtheflowconditionindevelopmentprocessofthevillageelitepersonnelinthevillagecooperatives,thispaperexploresthestruggleandcooperationbetweenthedevelopmentsofcooperativesofendogenousforceinruralstructure.Thestudyfoundthatunderthelimitedsituationofruralelitecapacity,asanembeddedbasevillagebottom-upformationofcooperatives,theinternalforcesareconstantlyinatensionstructure,thevariousforcesinthedifferentdevelopmentperiodareconversionbetweenthesymbioticandopposition;Combination,differentiation,struggleofvariousforceswithinthecooperativearesupportedbytheirownwealth,genetic,factionalsocialcapital;thesplitsandrealignmentsofmalignantcompetitionforcescausedbyinternalcooperativesarethekeypowertorestrictthedevelopmentofvillagecooperatives.Thebase-levelcountrysideandcooperativesneedslimitedeliteunityandequilibriumofinternalforcestoobtaineffectivegovernanceandlong-termdevelopment.

简介：Theintrinsicgrowthabilityofalltheneuronsdeclinesduringdevelopmentalthoughsomemaygrowbetterthanothers.Numerousintracellularsignalingproteinsandtranscriptionfactorshavebeenshowntoregulatetheintrinsicgrowthcapacityinmatureneurons.Amongthem,PI3kinase/Aktpathwayisimportantforcontrollingaxonelongation.Asanegativeregulatorofthispathway,thetumorsuppressorphosphataseandtensinhomolog(PTEN)appearscriticaltocontroltheregenerativeabilityofyoungandadultneurons.ThisreviewwillfocusonrecentresearchprogressinaxonregenerationandneuralrepairbyPTENinhibitionandtherapeuticpotentialofblockingthisphosphataseforneurologicaldisorders.InhibitionofPTENbydeletioninconditionalknockoutmice,knockdownbyshort-hairpinRNA,orblockadebypharmacologicalapproaches,includingadministrationofselectivePTENantagonistpeptides,stimulatesvariousdegreesofaxonregrowthinjuvenileoradultrodentswithcentralnervoussysteminjuries.Importantly,post-injuryPTENsuppressioncouldenhanceaxonalgrowthandfunctionalrecoveryinadultcentralnervoussystemafterinjury.