简介：BasedonthesurveydataoftypicalvillagesinShaanxiProvince,China,theeffectofsocialcapitalontheincomegapoffarmers’householdswasanalyzedusingtheShapleyvalueofthetotalamountofsocialcapitalandthesocialcapitalstructure.Theresultsshowthefollowing:first,socialcapitalcanexpandthehouseholdincomegap,andtheeffectofthisindexonthehouseholdincomegapis7.54%.Second,theindexesofthesocialcapitaldimensioncanexpandthehouseholdincomegap,andthestructuraleffectsofthehouseholdincomegaponsocialnetworks,socialtrust,andsocialparticipationare3.17%,3.64%,and0.65%,respectively.Third,nodimensionofthepathisthesameastheeffectonthehouseholdincomegap.

简介：Theexploitationofmineralresourcesplaysanimportantroleinpromotingnationaleconomicdevelopment.MiningisanessentialcomponentofChina'sindustrialeconomy.Usinggreycorrelationmethodtoanalyzethecorrelativeeffectofmineralresourcesexploitationtorelevantindustries,usingnationalincomemethodtocalculatethepullingeffectofmineralresourcesexploitationtoeconomicgrowthandusinggraphsaswellastablestoanalyzetheincomedistributioneffect,thearticleobtainsactiveeconomiceffectofmineralresourcesdevelopmentinBijie,Guizhou.Moreover,fromtheviewofresources-coredeffect,thearticleanalyzesnegativeeffectssuchassingleindustrialstructurebroughtbymineralresourcedevelopment.Throughanalysis,wefindthatmineralresourcesexploitationtosomeextentbringsactiveeffectsincludinggrossdomesticproductgrowth,localfinancialrevenuegrowthandrelevantindustriesdevelopment;however,itsnegativeeffectsshouldnotbeignored.Thenegativeeffectcanbelightenedbydiversifyingindustrialstructureandprolongingindustrialchain.

简介：ThisstudyismotivatedbytheinterestingrelationshipbetweentheincomeKuznetscurveandthecarbonKuznetscurve.ThispaperfocusesontheinteractioneffectsofincomedistributionandincomepercapitaonCO2emissionsusingcountrygrouppaneldataovertheperiodof1980to2006byemployingfixedeffects（FE）,randomeffects（RE）andfeasiblegeneralizedleastsquares（FGLS）estimationmethods.Themainfindingsareasfollows.（1）Thereexistsaninverted-UrelationshipbetweenCO2emissionspercapitaandincomepercapitainallsamplecountriesandhigh-incomegroups.（2）Thecross-countryincomedisparityhasanegativeeffectontheaveragelevelofCO2emissionsbutapositiveeffectontheaggregateincomeelasticityofCO2emissions.（3）ThisnegativeeffectofincomedisparityontheaveragelevelofCO2emissionsdecreasesalongwiththegrowthofpercapitaincome.Thus,economicgrowthcontributestothereductionofthisnegativeimpact.

简介：Withtheincreaseofglobalpopulation,grain-populationrelationshiphasattractedgreatattentionworldwide.InChina,grain-populationrelationshiphasbecomeanincreasinglyimportanteconomicconcern.OfcentralimportancetothefoodsecuritydebateinChinaisthegeographyofgrainsupplyanddemand.Thispaperusesagraindemandandsupplyindex(DSR)toanalyzethespatial-temporalrelationshipbetweenpopulationandgraininChinafrom1949to2007atnationalandprovincialscales.Theresultsareexaminedinthreeperiods.(1)From1949to2007,withtheincreaseofgrainproduction,therelationshipbetweenpopulationandgrainofChinaimprovedconsiderably.(2)Overthepast35years(1970-2005),onthewholethegrainproducingareashavehadgrainsurplusandcontributedtothenationbyprovidinggrain,buttheabilitytoprovidesufficientgrainisnotstable.(3)Overthepast15years(1990-2005),decreasesinplantingareabroughtpressureonnationalgrainfoodsecurity.Thepaperconcludesthatthekeytoprovidingmorefoodforthemainfoodproducingprovincesisincreasingyieldonthebasisofsteadyplantarea.

简介：Thereisgrowinginterestinthecorrelationbetweenworkingtimeandenvironmentalpressures,butpriorempiricalstudiesmostlyfocusedonstaticmethodologies.Thisarticleuseddynamicpanelregressionapproachestoexamineandcomparetherelationshipamongwestern,southern,andnorthernEuropeancountriesovertheperiod1970-2010,andprovedtheexistenceofstronglysignificantrelationshipsinallmodels.Furthermore,thisarticledetectedtherelationshipbetweenworkinghoursandenvironmentalindicators(carbonemissionandenergyuse)atdifferentphases.Wecontributetoafurtherunderstandingoftheenvironmentaleffectsoftheworkingtimereductionpolicybycomparingthedifferencesamongvariousperiodsandcountrygroupsinasystemgeneralizedmethodofmoments(GMM)dynamicframework.

简介：Therearenumerousstudiescomparingdifferentkindsofenvironmentaltaxesandstandards.However,formsofenvironmentalstandardsfocusedbyformerresearchersareusuallyquantitybasedlimits/standards(e.g.poundsperdayorpoundsperunitofoutput).Concentration-basedemissionstandard(e.g.milligramsperliterofwastewater)asoneimportantformofenvironmentalstandardhasnotbeengivenmuchattention.Inthisarticle,comparableestimatesoftheirprobableeffectonenterprisepollutionreductionwillbedevelopedforconcentrationbasedeffluentstandards,effluenttaxes,andacombinationofboth.Alinearsimulationmodelisusedtoclearlyandobviouslycomparetheeffectsofeffluenttaxesandconcentration-basedstandardswithinthesamefigure.Withonedetailedapplicationtothepaperindustry,someenlightenmentandconclusions-aswellasthegeneralapplicabilityoftheseprinciples-arethenprovided:Underthesameeffluenttaxrate,enterprises,groups,andindustriesthatarecleanerwillreducemorepollutantsthanthosethathavehigherpollutantabatementcosts.Itisrecommendedthateffluenttaxesaresetbyavoidingcuttingitevenatonestrokeandconsideringthefeasibilityofpollution-reducingtechnologyinvariousindustries.ItisnecessarytoreduceMACofenterprisestobetterstimulateenterprises’orindustries’emissionreductionbypreferentialmeasures,suchashightaxratecoordinatedbyspeedingupthedepreciationofenvironmentalprotectionequipment.

简介：Thispaperconstructsa4-liercomputablegeneralequilibriummodelwhichincludessuchmodulesasmodelingcarbonemissionconstraintsandcarbontrading(CT),andincorporatesthecostofcarbonemissionsintoconstantelasticityofsubstituteproductionfunction.Underscenariosettingsunderdifferentcarbonabatementtargets,basedon2007nationalsocialaccountingmatrixandrelatedstatisticaldataaboutenergyconsumptionandcarbonemission,effectsoneconomicoutputs,energyconsumption,andcarbonabatementareestimatedandanalyzedatbothmacroandsectorlevel.Bycalculatingselectednovelindicatorsthatcompromisebetweenmacroeconomicopportunitycostandachievablecarbonabatement,reasonablecarbonpriceintervalsaregivenforenhancingtherobustnessandliquidityofcarbonmarket.Further,bydecompositionandshare-weightedmethods,expectedcarbonabatementandenergypricearemeasuredandanalyzedindetails.Someresultsaremeaningfulforfundamentaldesignofthefuturecarbonmarket.Givenconstantenergyutilizationandcarbonabatementtechnologiesatthemacrolevel,thehigherthecarbonpricethemoreactualcarbonabatement;themoregrossdomesticproductloss,thelessenergyconsumption.Accwdingtotheoverallsituationestimatedfor2007inChina,theadvicegivenistointroduceacarbonabatementtargetrate(R_c)of-10%,whichishelpfultomakecarbonmarketstableagainstunexpectedcarbonpriceshocksbetween[6.9,35]/tCwithlesseconomicloss.AccordingtoKayadecomposition,afterintroductionofcarbonpricing,carbonabatementismainlycontributedbytheeffectsofenergyintensity(EI)andtechnicalprogress.Further,CTmayhelpreduceenergyconsumptionandinducetransformationtoalow-carbonenergystructure.Atthesectorlevel,theintroductionofCTcouldinduceeconomicrecessioninallsectors,especiallyenergy.However,theoveralleconomicstructureremainsunchangedtosomeextent.CTwillhelpreduceenergyconsumptioninallsectors,especiallyenergy.Overallutilizationc

简介：Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheef-fectsofearthwormdensityontheavailabilityofnutrientsandheavymetalsinmetalcontaminatedsoils.Pb/Znminetailingsweremixedthroughlywitharedyellowpodzolicsoilattheratio(w/w)of75:25.Earthworms(Pheretimasp.)wereintroducedtothemixtureatfourdifferentdensities,zero,three,sixandnineindividualsperpotplantedwithryegrass(Loliunmultiflorum).Theresultsindicatedthatearthwormactivitysignificantlyen-hancedryegrassshootbiomass.However,asdenserearthwormpopulationwasintroduced,shootbiomasstendedtodecrease.EarthwormactivitysignificantlyincreasedsoilpHandavailabilityofN,PandKinthetailingsandsoilmixture.TherewasageneraltendencythatuptakeofZnbyryegrassincreasedafterearthworminoculation,althoughtheincreaseinextractableZnintailingsandsoilmixturewasnotsignificant.Onthecontrary,thereseemedtobealoweruptakeofPbbyryegrassunderearthworminoclation,despitethefactthathigherextractablePbconcentrationswereobserved.Thepresentprojectindicatedthattheimprovedgrowthofryegrasswasduetoimprovednutrientavailabilityandothersoilconditions,byinoculationofearthwormsatanappropriaterate.Furtherstudiesareneededtoillustratetherelationshipbe-tweenmetalavailabilityandearthwormactivityinthefield.

简介：Inrecentyears,carbonemissionshavegraduallyevolvedfromanenvironmentissueintoapoliticalandeconomicone.Carbontariffhasbroughtaboutnewtradebarriersofdevelopedcountries,andinordertoenhancetheindustrialcompetitivenessofdevelopedcountries,itwillproduceunfavorableimpactondevelopingcountries.Concentratedonthemanufacturingindustry,whichisthemostintensivehigh-carbonindustryinChina’sexportstructure,thisarticlestudiestherelationshipbetweencarbontariffpolicyandindustrystructureofexporttradeandbuildsuparelationbetweenclimatechangeandinternationaltrade.First,bymeansofestablishingapartialequilibriummodel,itappliesgeometricanalysisandmathematicalanalysistocomputetheimpactonChina’smanufacturingexporttradeandtheconsequencesoftheintroductionoftheUScarbontarifftoChina’smanufacturingindustrythathasalreadyimposedadomesticshippingcarbontax.Furthermore,withtheapplicationoftheGTAPmodel,itestimatestheoveralleconomicandwelfareeffectsonChina’smanufacturingindustryiftheUSandEuropeintroducecarbontariffbymeansoffourways,andthenanalyzestheinfluenceonChina’smanufacturingindustryexportstructureandsocialwelfareaswell.TheresultshowsthattheintroductionoftheUScarbonimporttarifflowersChina’sexportpriceandexportvolume,andtheimplementationofadomesticcarbontaxjustifiesahigherexportpriceandalowerexportvolumeforChina.However,thedegreeofexportreductionissmallerthanthatundertheeffectoftheUScarbontariff.InthecaseofdevelopedcountriesimposingcarbontariffonChina’senergy-intensiveindustries,suchaschemicalrubberproducts,oilandcoal-processingindustryandpaperindustry,whoseexportwouldbereduced,thenegativeimpactonthepaperindustryistheseverest,whichwilldecreasethepaperindustry’sexportrangingfrom1.79%to6.05%,whereastheotherindustries’exportwillincrease.Anyhow,itwillpromoteChina�

简介：Thispaperstudiesfactorsinfluencingrural-urbanlabormigrationinChina,particularlytheimplementationofruralcooperativemedicalinsurance(RCMI)intheyear2003.Withthesupportofdataanalysisfromtheyear2000,2004and2006,clearlinearcorrelationsarefoundbetweengender,income,healthconditionandrural-urbanlaborflow,whereastheimpactofeducationandemploymentstatusaremorecomplicated.Moreimportantly,resultsfromregressionshowthattheestablishmentofRCMIincountrysideofChinanotonlyinhibitsruralresidentsfromseekingemploymentoutsidethevillage,butalsopullsbackruralpeoplewhohavealreadyworkedincities.Whenregionaldimensionisconcerned,thepurecompositeeffectofRCMIonrurallaborflowislesssignificantincoastalareaswithbettereconomicperformanceandmedicalservice.